romanticism Essay - 1310 Words

Romanticism and Rationalism Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century holds in its topics the ideals of the time period, concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of quot;nothing.quot; The Romantic era was one that focused on the commonality of humankind and, while using emotion and nature; the poets and their works shed light on peoples universal natures. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the literature and the rapid advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time.†¦show more content†¦Thoreau felt by doing this society would have a harder time to mold him into what it wanted him to think. Thoreau left a life of luxury for quot;voluntary povertyquot;. Even though he was quot;poorer in his outward richesquot; he was wealthy in his quot;inward richesquot;. A good number of romantic views of Nature suggested using Nature as ones tool to learn. This is evident in William Wordsworths poem quot;The Tables Turned. In the poem quot;The Tables Turnedquot; Wordsworth states to quot;quit your books [for it is] a dull and endless strife[;] enough of Science; close up those barren leaves.quot; Wordsworth believed piece that books were useless to learn from. He believed that we should quot;Let Nature be [our] Teacher [for it]†¦may teach you more of man [and] moral good and evil[, more] than all the sages can.quot; Wordsworth agreed with the previous notion that to understand the divine and oneself, they must first start with understanding Nature. This View of studying Nature is taken one step further by Charles Darwin. Perhaps the most appealing quality of Darwins work was that it accounted for phenomenon in a purely naturalistic manner. It was the most scientific explanation yet, completely remov ing the supernatural explanation, and setting him apart from the theorists before him. The major unsettled scientific question of Darwins Theory was be in regards to natural selection as the mechanism for change, which becameShow MoreRelatedRomanticism : Romanticism And Romanticism1444 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism was a period time 1750 to 1870 in Europe, Latin America and The United States. Romantic Movement didn’t reach to France until the 1820’s. Romanticism main spirit was against of rule, law and formulas that classicism the different characterized of general in 18th century. Imagination, Subjectivity of approach, freedom, Expression and the idealization of nature will be focused in movement of Romantic Literature. In this period industrial revolution with the social and political norms formRead MoreRomanticism : Romanticism And Romanticism1141 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements. Although Romanticism and Modernism differ in their styles, values, and ideology, t hey were both important periods in literature. Romanticism was a literary movement during the late 18th century until the early 19th century that had an emphasis on the imagination and emotions. The movement moved through every country in Europe, Latin America, and the United States from approximately 1750 to 1870. However, France did not see the movement until the 1820’s. Romanticism was basically a rebellionRead MoreRomanticism Vs. Romanticism : Modernism And Romanticism1050 Words   |  5 Pagesor what does it take to better the society? Well, the Europeans had adapted the Neoclassicism and Romanticism form of art belief, in order to find the answers that they were always looking for. Neoclassicism is the principal of logically viewing life in a mathematics and rational level, especially when it comes to solving worldly issues and it’s expressed through art and literature. However, Romanticism believe in the beauty of art, faith, and rely on intense emotions for judgement. Firstly, the societyRead MoreRomanticis m : The Era Of Romanticism1810 Words   |  8 PagesThrough the late 1700s and early 1800s, the period of Romanticism blossomed. â€Å"Romanticism† very loosely describes the era in which modern culture began to take shape. During the Romantic era, many advancements were made in all aspects of people’s lives and cultures. One aspect in particular has held great value even to this day. That aspect being the expansive amount of literature created during the era. The era of Romanticism had its name for a reason. It can be greatly attributed to the romanticRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Nineteenth Century The Romantic period followed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreRomanticism Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesRomanticism Soaked in sweat, I finally finished a mile run around the neighborhood. While grasping for air, my neighbor Kayla must have noticed that I took my daily run. She decided to bring me a bottle of water and converse a little while. One of the things we discuss was how I have been up multiple nights reading for all four of my classes that I have been taking this semester. Kayla was very shocked that I decided to enroll in British literature knowing that I strongly dislike the language differenceRead MoreDark Romanticism1392 Words   |  6 Pages4. Define â€Å"Dark Romanticism† as you understand it by discussing two works by different authors. Account for the rise of this kind of writing in America and evaluate its appeal and significance then and now. The Dark Side of Romanticism Romantic literary texts focus on the expression of emotion. Authors during the Romantic period developed and integrated the idea of the individual being the main focus in life. Romantic authors focused on the individual being at the center of their own happiness andRead MoreRomanticism And The Enlightenment1286 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing, which emphasizes the scientific, practical evidence and rational thinking. Romanticism questioned the rationality of the truth of the road, that understanding the great mystery of life is not enough. These mysteries can be found with emotion, imagination and intuition. Nature is especially considered a self-discovery and spiritual learning classroom, the mysterious place can reveal the human mind. Romanticism emphasizes a life full of deep feelings, spirituality, and freedom of expression,Read MoreRomanticism Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism Romanticism is a movement in the arts that flourished in Europe and America throughout much of the 19th century from the period of the French revolution in 1789. Romantic artists’ glorified nature, idealized the past, and celebrated the divinity of creation. There is a fundamental emphasis on freedom of self expression, sincerity, spontaneity and originality. The movement rebelled against classicism, and artists turned to sources of inspiration for subject matter and artisticRead MorePuritanism And Romanticism1825 Words   |  8 Pages There have been three major influential movements in American history—Puritanism, Rationalism, and Romanticism. Each occurring during generally different time periods, they produced a number of different types of literature reflecting their beliefs at the time. The Puritans, being some of the first settlers in modern day America, relied heavily on beliefs they brought with them from the Church of England. Rather than simply being f ollowers of their prior Church, Puritans believed in the Church as

Literary Concepts of Concord Hymn Free Essays

The details in â€Å"Concord Hymn† really give great image of the characters and setting of this time period. The poem exalts a general spirit of revolution and freedom. â€Å"Concord Hymn† was written by Ralph Waldo Emerson and was originally sung at the completion of the Battle Monument known at the Old North Bridge. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Concepts of Concord Hymn or any similar topic only for you Order Now The monument is also known as Obelisk and is believed to the country’s first memorial to its war casualties. The first stanza is the key to the poem: By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood. And fired the shot heard round the world (Roberts and Zweig, 891). Emerson knows the outcome and can describe in detail the emotions around the War. â€Å"By the rude Bridge that arched the flood† lets readers know that the author is describing the bridge as one that is very basic and simply structured and positioned over the Concord River which was at its highest level in April. â€Å"Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled† lets us know clearly that this occurred in April and the wind was blowing. The â€Å"Embattled farmers† refers to the men, which consisted of townsfolk and where not part of any regular army. The shot heard’ round the world† refers to the fact that the American Revolution inspired not just Americans, but inspired people all over the world to fight against injustice The second stanza which follows gives detail as to the participants in the War whom are dead: The foe long since in silence slept; Alike the conqueror silent sleeps; And Time the ruined bridge has swept Down the dark stream which seaward creeps (Roberts and Zweig, 891). In stanza two the poem is stating that the participants on both sides of the battle have long been deceased described as â€Å"sleep† which is a common metaphor for dead. The reader also learns in stanza two the bridge was ruined and swept down the Concord River. (PoertyFoundation, 2013) The following stanza is details of the monument being placed in Concord, Massachusetts: On this green bank, by this soft stream, We set today a votive stone; That memory may their deed redeem, When, like our sires, our sons are gone (Roberts and Zweig, 891892). â€Å"Votive stone† is the Obelisk Monument that was placed by the Concord River as a memory of all the people whom fought and died in the Battle of Concord. The town of Concord is now a popular attraction for both history and literature. The last stanza of the poem which follows the readers can see this Battale was about freedom: Spirit, that made those spirits dare To die, and leave their children free, Bid Time and Nature gently spare The shaft we raise to them and thee (Roberts and Zweig, 892). Emerson writes about the spirits, noting that there were deaths involved, leaving behind family but doing so for their families to now be free. The remembrance flag that is being raised is to honor those who have gone and also to remind those who are now left to carry on never forgetting the history of these brave Americans and what happened that day. How to cite Literary Concepts of Concord Hymn, Papers

Sports Gambling Essay Research Paper Americans are free essay sample

Sports Gambling Essay, Research Paper Americans are familiar with the state s major dependences: narcotics, intoxicant, and baccy. Society has spent infinite 1000000s of dollars warning about these substances, nevertheless another dependence that receives far less attending is sweeping across America. This dependence is holding a major impact on the college campuses across our state. The executive manager of the N.C.A.A. , Cedric W. Demsey, in his 1997 State of the Association reference called chancing the most serious menace confronting intercollegiate sports ( Naughton A52 ) . At the bosom of the gaming job on college campuses is college athleticss chancing. Gambling on college athleticss has two major impacts. First, chancing on athleticss merely like casino gaming is habit-forming. Second, chancing on college athleticss has hurt the unity of college sports. Because chancing on college athleticss is doing negative effects for college pupils, jocks, and athletic games, the U.S. authorities should censor all chancing on college athleticss, and stairss should be taken to diminish the prevalence of illegal and Internet chancing on college campuses. On March 19, 1931, the Nevada province authorities voted to legalise gaming. At this clip no 1 had of all time heard of the term, athleticss book. It would be some forty old ages subsequently before the first athleticss book would open up in Las Vegas. The Union Plaza Hotel in downtown Las Vegas opened the first casino athleticss book in 1975. A athleticss book is a topographic point where a stake can be made on a clean event. Nevada is the lone province where a individual can wager on an single game or featuring event lawfully. A individual can wager on about every professional athletics, along with some collegial athleticss, which chiefly consist of work forces s hoops and football. The athleticss books in Las Vegas each have immense electronic odds boards that tell which squads are playing, the squad that is expected to win, and how much the squad is expected to win by. The squad that is supposed to win is called the favourite, and the squad that is supposed to lose is called the underdog. Now person new to athleticss wagering would state, good I ll merely bet on the favourite and win most of the clip. Unfortunately, nevertheless it is much tougher than this. The one thing that makes chancing on athleticss really hard is a term called the point spread. The underdog squad is given an border or points, and this is by and large referred to as the point spread. Here is an illustration of how the point spread works. Suppose the Kansas City Chiefs are playing the Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium, here in Denver. The Broncos have the home-field advantage, plus they are two-time supporting Super Bowl title-holders. Most betters would set their money on the Broncos, right? But what if 10 points were added to the Chiefs concluding mark? Now which squad would bettors take so? The determination becomes more hard. For those who bet on Denver, the Broncos must win by more than ten points. Suppose the concluding mark is Broncos 29, Chiefs 20. With a point spread of 10 points added to the Chiefs side, the concluding betting mark becomes Broncos 29, Chiefs 30. Those who bet on the Chiefs win and those who bet on the Broncos lose. On the other manus, if the Broncos win by more than ten points, say 34-20, betters say that the Broncos covered the spread. If the Broncos win by precisely ten points, neither side win s and all stakes are returned. How much money does a winning better receive? The odds are 11-to-10. That is, a individual must wager $ 11 to win $ 10. The $ 1 difference is called the juice, and this difference is how the casino makes its money. It may look like a little sum, but the higher the sum wagered the higher the juice will be. With these odds, a gambler who bets the same sum on every game has to be right 52.38 per centum of the clip to interrupt even or in other words win 11 out of 21 stakes made. Sports books try to put a point spread that represents the wagering public s sentiment on the likely result of the game, non the bookmakers, contrary to popular belief that the athleticss books set point spreads based merely on which squad is better or worse ( Oorlog 97 ) . This manner the casino doesn T concern which squad wins or loses. The casino may non ever win, but it neer loses because it automatically receives the juice as net income. How are point spreads determined? This is the occupation of the oddsmaker, who wants to pull an equal sum of stakes on each squad in a game. The taking oddsmaker in Las Vegas is Michael Roxy Roxborough ( Orkin 58 ) . He runs a service called Las Vegas Sports Consultants from the 12th floor of the Valley Bank Building merely off the Strip. Roxborough s line goes out by computing machine to his casino athleticss book clients and about 70 major newspapers around the state ( Savage 32 ) . You might inquire why the point spreads are given to 70 major newspapers around the state if you can merely wager on athleticss in Las Vegas? The ground is because illegal athleticss gaming is far bigger than legal athleticss gaming, and many people read the newspaper merely to see the point spread on the games that dark. The legal gaming industry took in $ 2.5 billion in 1996, but illegal bets were estimated to account for more than $ 90 billion ( McGraw 50 ) . Illegal athleticss chancing is non like what you would see in Las Vegas, with the immense odds boards exposing the odds on games. The immense athleticss books in Las Vegas are replaced by persons who are called bookmakers. These bookmakers do reasonably much the same operation as the athleticss books in the casinos, merely at a smaller graduated table and with the hazard of being caught by jurisprudence enforcement officers. The bookmakers take stakes over the phone from their patronage, largely on recognition, and do their money off the juice, merely like the athleticss book in Las Vegas. This is a hazardous concern, nevertheless since there is no manner to do per son pay off his or her stakes. A bookmaker can non name the constabulary and say that person made a stake, and now they re non willing to pay up. With the hazard of non acquiring paid and acquiring busted by the constabulary, some bookmakers have come up with better thoughts of acquiring around the jurisprudence. Some bookmakers that were interrupting the jurisprudence for taking athleticss stakes in the U.S. have now moved overseas. The new moving ridge and the hereafter of athleticss wagering are now overseas. How? Sports wagering on the Internet. Is this legal? It depends. Many states outside the United States allow legalized athleticss chancing. Federal jurisprudence in the United States prohibits people from conveying by wire any bet in interstate or foreign commercialism. Many of these new, as they re called, sports-betting houses hope to hedge the U.S. gaming Torahs because it is non on U.S. dirt. Legal or non, on-line gaming is large concern. The Justice Department has estimated $ 600 million was bet over the Internet on athleticss in 1997, a ten-fold addition of the estimated sum for 1996 ( NCAA marks Internet wagering 2 ) . With all of this money being wagered on featuring events lawfully, illicitly, and on the Internet, who benefits? Relatively few do. The few that benefit are the 1s taking the stakes, such as the casino, the bookmaker, and the over-seas betting houses. These few benefit by acquiring richer and richer at the disbursal of others. Sports chancing has affected one group in peculiar. Harmonizing to the article, You bet you life by Tim Layden, he states that chancing is rampant on college campuses across the state. Students, frequently bright but na ve, bet- -and lose- -substantial amounts of money on featuring events ( 47 ) . College athleticss chancing has two chief negative side effects. The first, which is likely most obvious, is that chancing on athleticss is habit-forming. The 2nd, which many people are incognizant of, is that college athleticss gaming is aching the unity of college athleticss many of us enjoy to watch. The fastest turning dependence in the United States is chancing ( Horn 34 ) . In the article Pathologic gaming: America s newest dependence? by Andrew V. Pasternak, he says that the handiness of legalized gaming, particularly casino gaming, has proliferated in the United States. Some signifier of legalized chancing exists in every province except Utah and Hawaii, and 27 provinces have legalized casino chancing. Off-shore companies offer sports-book wagering through toll-free Numberss and the Internet. In 1996, $ 586.5 billion was wagered in all signifiers of legal gaming in the United States. Overall, between 75 and 90 per centum of Americans gamble ( 1293 ) . With casinos shooting up everyplace across our state, and the debut of Internet gaming, it is no admiration why gaming has become an ever-increasing job in our society. With the handiness of chancing on the addition, the figure of compulsive gamblers is traveling to lift every bit good. States that permitted chancing at casinos, athleticss betting, jai alai, and teletheaters had a greater per capita figure of Gamblers Anonymous chapters ( Campbell and Lester 126 ) . Harmonizing to the article Pathological Gambling and Depression, which states that a chancing nut can be defined as person who is inveterate and increasingly unable to defy urges to chance and for whom chancing via medias, disrupts, or amendss household, personal, and vocational chases ( Becona, Lorenzo, and Fuentes 635 ) . One of the most celebrated people to yield to the dependence of athleticss chancing is Art Schlichter. Art Schlichter was the starting signal caller at Ohio State University from 1975 to 1979. Art started wagering on athleticss in his junior twelvemonth of college ( Valente 83 ) . In 1979, he led the Buckeyes to an 11-1 record and was 4th in the Heisman Trophy vote. The Baltimore Colts drafted him out of college, and he lost his $ 300,000 subscribing fillips due to athleticss chancing ( 84 ) . By the clip Art had eventually hit stone underside, he had been thrown out of the NFL, bounced $ 175,000 in cheques, about lost his household, and now is still functioning clip in gaol for the bounced cheques ( 81 ) . Many college pupils, like Art, seek athleticss chancing for the first clip while they are in college. Harmonizing to the Las Vegas Veterans Affair Medical Center s Dr. Rena Nora, a head-shrinker who has been handling compulsive gamblers for more than 20 old ages, Vulnerability to chancing depends on two basic things: handiness to hard currency and how clever a individual is ( Layden 53 ) . By these footings, a batch of college pupils are vu lnerable. The prevalence of athleticss chancing on college campuses is so widespread that the NCAA has even added a chancing enforcement functionary. College athleticss chancing is distributing like an epidemic. Students influence other pupils. Peer force per unit area is why many pupils in college attempt athleticss chancing in the first topographic point. When you have chancing on campus, bet oning equals promote inclinations to chance ( Browne and Brown 345 ) . Sports gaming is habit-forming and prevailing on college campuses, but how can athleticss chancing affect the unity of college athleticss? This inquiry can be answered with phrases such as: point shave, throwing a game, or repairing a game. A fitting definition that covers all three of these phrases is: an jock or jocks, for the intent of deriving money either by being paid by person or wagering themselves, that affects the result of a game. Point shaving dirts in featuring events are largely restricted to college football and hoops games. Pro jocks have small to derive with their multi-million dollar contracts, which is why college jocks are so susceptible. An athlete looking to do a speedy vaulting horse or wipe out a chancing debt to a bookmaker can be tempted to repair a game. There have been point-shaving dirts from the early 50s to the present. Recent dirts have included such universities as Boston College, Tulane, Northwestern, North Carolina State, Central Florida, Texas, Arizona State, and many others. One of the more recent dirts and likely the biggest in footings of money wagered, occurred at Arizona State. Two participants from the Arizona State work forces s hoops squad in the 1993-94 season were convicted of repairing three games. An article in the magazine Sport by Armen Kereyian called An NCAA Hedlake: the lone hole to the turning figure of point-shaving dirts is to do the guilty wage called the dirt the most important athleticss graft instances in our state s history ( 28 ) . To sum up the narrative, Hedake Smith, one of the two convicted and ASU s 2nd all-time taking scorer, started chancing on athleticss and worked up a important debt to his bookmaker. His bookmaker said he could extinguish his debt and gain more by still winning hoops games, but non by excessively many points ( point-shaving ) . He agreed and the first two games went by unnoticed. In the concluding game that Smith agreed to shave points, the word had gotten out about how the game was supposed to be fixed . So much money was wagered against ASU in Las Vegas that one Vegas oddsmaker called the Pac-10 to alarm it to the possibility that points were being shaved ( Confessions Of A Point Shaver 98 ) . During halftime of the game, the manager of ASU yelled at his participants about how icky they were playing, and said that there was an NBA lookout in the bases. It occurred to Smith that put on the lining his NBA calling by shaving point was non deserving it and in the 2nd half of the game ASU blew out their oppositions and covered the spread. It was estimated that more that $ 1 million was bet on that game, when a normal Pac-10 game receives merely $ 50,000 of action ( 95 ) . In the terminal, Hedake Smith was caught for the dirt and sacrificed a promising NBA calling worth 1000000s of dollars, and is now expecting condemning which could set down him in gaol for his actions in the point-shaving dirt. As you can see from the narrative about Hedake Smith, athleticss chancing can pervert the jocks that play the game. Not merely does chancing on athleticss affect the jocks that play the game, chancing affects the others pupils on campus every bit good. Sports chancing by the pupil organic structure is besides going more prevailing throughout the college campuses across the state. Some solution to the increasing job of athleticss chancing demands to be implemented. The root of the job begins in Las Vegas. Extinguishing athleticss wagering on college games in Las Vegas would significantly cut down the sum wagered on college athleticss. By extinguishing college athleticss wagering in Las Vegas, the oddsmaker would no longer put point spread for college games. By extinguishing the point spreads for college games, college jocks would non be put in to a state of affairs where they would be tempted to shave points. The casinos, which offer sportsbooks, in the terminal provide much of the fiscal backup for most illegal wagering. The bulk of the clip, little bookmakers know a larger bookmaker. If a batch of the little bookmakers clientele is beting the bulk of their money on one squad, the little bookmaker ( to cover himself in instance he loses ) will wager on the same squad with a larger bookmaker. In bend, this larger bookmaker knows an even bigger bookmaker, and the form is repeated until it finally ends at the Las Vegas athleticss books. With the apparently eternal sums of money, this is where a batch of the illegal bets finally wind up, at the legal athleticss books in Las Vegas. Another country that can non be ignored is the handiness of abroad gaming. It would be the authorities s occupation to ordain and implement rigorous Torahs to barricade Internet entree to these chancing sites. Laws would hold to be developed to prosecute the gaming houses that take stakes from the United States. By traveling after these chancing houses and halting their operation, the authorities could halt college pupils from beting their money over the Internet. As I see it these chancing houses are the moving ridge of the hereafter for athleticss chancing. As our society becomes more and more technologically advanced in the hereafter, the consequence that athleticss chancing has on our society will weigh to a great extent on whether Internet gaming is allowed to run or non. It may depend on the populaces elected functionaries to vote on an issue such as this, and all people should be informed of the effects of athleticss chancing. Educating the populace on the negative effects of athletics gaming will play a critical function in extinguishing athleticss chancing. Booklets and advertizement on the negative impacts that athleticss chancing cause should be readily available to the general populace. Many job gamblers begin while in high school, so by educating the young person earlier high school may help in debaring chancing jobs that may hold happened subsequently in the kid s life. Would leting college athleticss chancing to be legal everyplace by leting the provinces to modulate and revenue enhancement sportsbetting be a better solution than doing it illegal? In 1994, the Florida Office of Planning and Budgeting conducted a survey to project the costs of legalising casino gaming in the province. The biggest possible authorities disbursal turned out to be that of imprisoning all the new pathological gamblers who turn to offense. Harmonizing to the survey, Not numbering costs of prosecution, damages or other related costs, captivity and supervising costs entirely for job gambler condemnable incidents could be Florida occupants $ 6,080,000,000 ( Horn 38 ) . This survey reasonably much speaks for itself. In world chancing doesn T rise large grosss for authoritiess, it costs the authoritiess and taxpayers large money for the jobs that come up with chancing. By doing it legal to wager on college games everyplace would merely add to the figure of point-shaving dirts. More people would be involved in chancing on college games, therefore there would be more people looking to do a speedy vaulting horse by inquiring a participant to repair a game. College sports already has a monkey on its dorsum for the dirts of the yesteryear. The jocks need to gain back the regard of the fans who enjoy to watch them vie. The lone manner this will go on is if there will neer be a dirt, affecting repairing a game, to go on once more, and the lone manner this will be happen is through the riddance of chancing on college athleticss. It may look that chancing on college athleticss is harmless merriment for the mean athleticss overzealous who wants to wager some money on his or her favourite squad. In world, nevertheless many people have lost everything they had dreamed for due to athleticss chancing. The unity of the college athleticss is enduring due to athleticss chancing. As the handiness of athleticss chancing additions, more people will endure the inauspicious effects that come with it. Plants Cited Becona, Elisardo, Maria Del Carmen Lorenzo, and Maria Jose Fuentes. Pathological Gambling and Depression. Psychological Reports 78 ( 1996 ) : 635-40. Browne, Beverly A. and Daniel J. Brown. Forecasters of lottery gaming among American college pupils. The Journal of Social Psychology 134 ( 1994 ) : 339- 48. Campbell, Frank and Lester, David. The impact of chancing chances on compulsive gaming. The Journal of Social Psychology 139.1 ( 1999 ) : 126-8. Confessions Of A Point Shaver. Sports Illustrated 9 Nov 1998: 92-102. Devlin, Ann Sloan and Donald M. Peppard Jr. Casino Use By College Students. Psychological Reports 78 ( 1996 ) : 899-906. Horn, Bernard P. Is at that place a remedy for America s chancing dependence? USA Today May 1997: 34-7. Kereyian, Armen. An NCAA Hedlake: the lone hole to the turning figure of point- shave dirts is to do the guilty wage. Sport May 1998: 28-30. Layden, Tim. You wager your life. Sports Illustrated 17 April 1995: 46-54. McGraw, Dan. The national stake: puting an illegal bet on a athleticss game has neer been easier. And more Americans are making it than of all time. U.S. News A ; World Report 7 April 1997: 50-6. Murray, John B. Review of Research on Pathological Gambling. Psychological Reports 72 ( 1993 ) : 791-810. Naughton, Jim. Why Athletes Are Vulnerable to Gambling. The Chronicle Of Higher Education 17 April 1998: A51-2. NCAA mark Internet betting. ESPN.com 10 Feb 1999 Oorlog, Dale R. Serial correlativity in the wagering market for professional hoops. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics 34 ( 1995 ) : 96-110. Orkin, Mike. Can You Win? New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1991. Pasternak, Andrew V. Pathologic gaming: America s newest dependence? American Family Physician 56 ( 1997 ) : 1293-96. Savage, Jeff. A Certain Thing? Washington D.C. : Lerner Publications Company, 1997. Valente, Judith. A long route to daylight ; a fallen football hero battles to interrupt free of the chancing dependence that sacked his calling and drove him to prison. Peoples Weekly 15 Jan 1996: 81-7.

What are Juliets feeling and emotions Essay Example For Students

What are Juliets feeling and emotions? Essay What advice would you give an actor playing this part? In this passage Juliet has strong conflicting emotions. It is all showing how Juliet copes in a time of despair and how she deals with such a traumatic circumstance. It is a solo scene, and therefore I feel it shouldnt be acted with too much hysteria. But instead quite calmly. I think this would make it seem more realistic and consequently more dramatic. She begins by saying: Farewell! God knows when we shall meet again. We will write a custom essay on What are Juliets feeling and emotions? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This suggests that she is both hesitant about taking the poison and scared as to whether it will work. Because of this risk she is very afraid. For this to be acted out during the period of time it was written there wouldnt have been an actress to play Juliet. A pre-pubescent boy would play it because his voice wouldnt have broken and would be suitable to play the opposite sex. However, to modernise it to fit into life today, I would have a woman act the part. At this point in the scene, Juliet hasnt had a real chance to digest what she is about to do or think about the consequences in detail. With this in mind, I would have the actress use few facial expressions, but instead, have straight pale almost life-less look about her. In the next couple of lines she goes on to say: I have a faint cold fear thrills though my veins That almost freezes up the heat of life Juliet is starting to feel more and more terrified about the ideas, I think here the actress should start to tremble and maybe start to shed a few tears as she raises her arms to look at her veins. Ill call them back again to comfort me Nurse! What should she do here? My dismal scene I needs must act alone Come, vial In these lines Juliet seems to get more tense. Shes doubtful as to whether she is able to do this by herself and so calls for the nurse to come back. She knows thats it is her family duty to marry her parents choice Paris, and that even her faithful nurse will not be able to help her go against social necessity and tradition. Whilst acting this I think the actress should start to show Juliet is upset and nervous. This should be done by her starting to cry and, if possible, getting clammy or sweaty. When shouting Nurse! the actress shout trail off at the end to show the definite change of mind leading into determination of doing this act alone. This can be shown by the actress sniffing as a physical full stop to the tears before leaning forward to pick up the poison. The last few lines of the paragraph say: What if this mixture do not work at all? Shall I be married then tomorrow morning? No, no, this shall forbid it; lie thou there. After saying this, Juliet places a dagger by her bedside. She is prepared to kill herself rather than marrying Paris if the poison doesnt work and she were to wake in the morning. To do this shows she is obviously starting to get confused as well as terrified about the whole scheme. Juliet I think should have a slight slip in her firm attitude as she starts to worry that the scheme will fail and she will have to resort to stabbing herself. What if it be a poison which the Friar Subtly hath ministered to have me dead, Lest in this marriage he should be dishonoured, .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 , .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .postImageUrl , .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 , .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873:hover , .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873:visited , .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873:active { border:0!important; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873:active , .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873 .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u717d59c44249b72df7d45808a829b873:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: We have looked at many different types of courtship and we have seen the different parts that convention plays in each one EssayBecause he married me before to Romeo? I fear it is, and yet methinks it should not, For he hath still been tried a holy man. This section of the passage shows that she is becoming very anxious and paranoid. She fears that even the good Father Lawrence would try and kill her to save his reputation. But she recognises that this would be improbable and her fears take another form. Being anxious, Juliet should start to pace up and down her bedroom, unable to rest. Her hand movements should start to get more dramatic as she asks herself these distressing questions. She should also start to pull at her hair in a distracted way. Juliet then reflects that even if the potion is not poisonous she may be forced to awake alone in the tomb. She is a young girl and her imagination gives her a series of harrowing possibilities. She fears she may wake and suffocate in the tomb before Romeo arrived or possibly, even wore, she may wake amongst the corpses and bones in the family vault and be driven crazy by the horrors of such surroundings. O, if I wake, shall I not be distraught, Environà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d with all these hideous fears, And madly play with my forefathers joints, And pluck the mangled Tybalt from his shroud. The actress may now stop pacing up and down and sink onto her bed, clutching her arms, rocking backwards and forwards. She imagines being next to the festering body of Tybalt and being distraught enough to kill herself in madness. At this point she has worked herself to hysterical resolution, she suddenly stops this train of thought. She is still very frightened and feels helplessly naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve to it all. The actress ceases to rock herself and takes on a calm, but slightly false attitude. Refocusing on Romeo, Juliet drinks the potion. Romeo, Romeo, Romeo! Heres drink I drink to thee.

Tennyson essays

Tennyson essays Lord Alfred Tennyson was the most famous poet of the Victorian age. Ever since he was little, Alfred had an extreme interest in poetry. During his years in Cambridge University, he made many life long friends, but one in particular, Arthur Hallam was his most beloved and best friend. When Arthur died at the age of 22, Alfred was overwhelmed and therefore thrown into a state of depression. Twenty-seven years after Arthurs death, Tennyson published In Memoriam, a poem written in memory of Arthur Hallam. In the poem lies the quote so many worlds, so much to do, so little done, such things to be. Tennyson wrote the quote to show his regret for the early and sudden death of his best friend, Hallam, and subsequently, his life was lived up to the essence of the quote, he lived an eventful life of fame, and fortune. Alfred Tennyson, born on August 6, 1809 at Somersby, Lincolnshire, England, was the fourth of 12 children. At home, the children had to live on what they had. The father was an intelligent but unstable clergyman. For seven years (from 1820-1827), Alfred was home schooled by his father. Even though faced with hardship, Tennyson was able to receive a wide literary education. During his pre-teens, Tennyson had a special talent in writing poetry. He was composing styles of Pope, Scott, and Milton (well accomplished poets). At the age of 12, he composed a 6000 line epic poem, and two years later composes a play called The Devil and the Lady. Having a passion for poetry, many legendary poets affected Tennyson, but the dominant influence on his poetry was Lord Byron. At the news of Byrons death in 1824 (Tennyson was 14 years old), Tennyson flung himself on the ground in a passion of grief, and carved in a sandstone, Byron is Dead. In 1827, Tennyson enters Cambridge University with his brother. It is there where they published Poems By 2 Brothers"...

Convert Between Degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius

Convert Between Degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius Converting between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales is useful if you are working temperature conversion problems, work in a lab, or simply want to know how hot or cold it is in a country that uses the other scale! Its easy to make the conversion. One way is to look at a thermometer that has both scales and simply read the value. If youre doing homework or need to do a conversion in a lab, youll want the calculated values. You can use an online temperature converter or else do the math yourself.   Celsius to Fahrenheit Degrees The formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit is: F 1.8 C 32 Multiply the Celsius temperature by 1.8.Add 32 to this number.Report the answer in degrees Fahrenheit. Example: Convert 20 °C to Fahrenheit. F 1.8 C 32F 1.8 (20) 321.8 x 20 36 so F 36 3236 32 68 so F 68 °F20 °C 68 °F Fahrenheit to Celsius Degrees Its easy to work the conversion the other way. The formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is: C 5/9 (F-32) Subtract 32 from the degrees Fahrenheit.Multiply the value by 5.Divide this number by 9.Report the answer in degrees Celsius. Example: Convert body temperature in Fahrenheit (98.6 °F) to Celsius. C 5/9 (F-32)C 5/9 (98.6 - 32)98.6 - 32 66.6 so you have C 5/9 (66.6)66.6 x 5 333 so you have C 333 / 9333 / 9 37 °C98.6 °F 37 °C Converting to the Kelvin Scale Other common conversions are between Fahrenheit and Kelvin and between Celsius and Kelvin: Convert Fahrenheit to KelvinConvert Celsius to Kelvin

Long-Term Growth and Development of a Nation Dissertation

Long-Term Growth and Development of a Nation - Dissertation Example While the Democratic Party is known as the architect of modern day racism, the Republicans have been following a policy of attacking racism at its very roots. The delegation head J.C. Watts pointed out, â€Å"we are going to attack racism at its roots, we have to focus on education, on economic empowerment, and on rewarding hard work† the Republicans are aware of the Democratic policy of keeping the blacks in poverty and hunger in order to turn them against the Republicans during election time and induce them to cast protest votes. Republicans are against the racial quotas and social welfare benefits. However, I feel they should incorporate these in order to win the confidence of the blacks. Thus the Republicans aim at winning the hearts of the blacks and help them gain a respectable position such that they may have little ground for protest. According to Frances Rice, chairman of the National Black Republican Association, â€Å"The Democrats fight every effort of Republicans to get blacks out of poverty because they know that once blacks become prosperous, the Democratic Party will lose its power base†. Working at the grassroots level would be essential for this. The Republicans cannot work towards the betterment of the blacks without a policy of approaching the problem secretly, slowly and on a one-to-one level. The Democrats know that for politics’ sake they cannot let the blacks prosper. However, prosperity cannot come to a nation if a large section of the population or inhabitants lies impoverished and in misery. However, the United States by its very constitution, stand against bigotry and hence racism. In the words of Watts, â€Å"Our country was built on a foundation of liberty and equality for people of all races, religions, and backgrounds. The principles of tolerance and equality remain the core of our identity as a nation†. However, the most recent blow to the efforts against racism was disturbed when the 9/11 massacre to ok place. The threat would fall on the Arabs and Muslims. Recently, after 9/11 took place this hatred even spread towards the harmless Sikhs of India. The idea of promoting the Ku-Klux-Klan (KKK) complemented the Democrats’ interest.

Urban Planning PUP200 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Planning PUP200 - Term Paper Example This essay will seek to argue that, on the contrary, life and history do imitate art, which means that popular culture, in attempting renditions of the past, can portend a significant influence on how history is told and unfolds (Starrs & Farmer 407). This proposition will be explored in the context of LAs historical attempts and efforts to secure water resources for its urban development and planning. In addition, the proposition will also be explored in the context of political movements set up by Owens Valleys citizens to restrain LAs appropriation of its water resources, how these events are reinterpreted selectively in the film Chinatown, and the films influence on the controversy. The conflict on water resources between Owens Valley and Los Angeles has served as an inspiration for many novelists and film makers since the 1900s with drama and history coming together in a set of events and accounts that have greatly influenced the events as understood in popular culture, particularly in relation to interpretations on the citys conspiratorial deeds (Starrs & Farmer 408). Chinatown, released in 1974 and directed by Roman Polanski, is perhaps the most celebrated film in this genre and, although the screenplay takes liberty with facts and history, it still provides a forceful portrayal of power brokers in LA consistent with the manner of transformed legends. The entire films timeline is shifted to 1937, while the main protagonists are unscrupulous LA city planners and developers seeking to acquire farm land in an adjacent area of the city. DWP officials are seen colluding with real estate speculators through a secret plan to dump LA city water so as to gain support from the public during drought to issue bonds on aqueduct and dam construction. On the other hand, the urban planning leads to farmers losing their water for irrigation, while their land is taken for a pittance by syndicate buyers and they are forced into ruin (Starrs & Farmer 408). The film leaves

PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Essay Example for Free

PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Essay The senior management has been advised by the legal department that the organization will need to become PCI DSS compliant before using online applications that accept credit cards and customer personal information. The management isn’t familiar with PCI DSS compliance; therefore, the management asked you to prepare a recommendation explaining PCI DSS compliance, how the organization can move through the compliance process, and the consequences of noncompliance. PCI DSS stands for Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard. PCI DSS originally began as five different programs: Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover and JCB data security programs. Each company creates an additional level of protection for card issuers by ensuring that merchants meet minimum levels of security when they store, process and transmit cardholder data. PCI DSS specifies 12 requirements for compliance, organized into six logically related groups called control objectives. Each version of PCI DSS has divided these 12 requirements into a number of sub-requirements differently, but the 12 high level requirements have not changed since the inception standard. The control objectives are Build and maintain a secure network, protect cardholder data, maintain a vulnerability management program, implement strong access control measures, regularly monitor and test networks and maintain an information security policy. The requirements for compliance are, install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect card holder data, do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters, protect stored cardholder data, encrypt transmission of cardholder data across open public networks, use and regularly update anti-virus software on all systems commonly affected by malware, develop and maintain secure systems and applications, restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know, assign a unique ID to each person with computer access, restrict physical access to card holder data, track and monitor all access to network resources and cardholder data, regularly test security systems and processes and maintain a p olicy that addresses information security. According to Visa, no compromised entity has yet been found to be in compliance with PCI DSS at the time of a breach. Assessments examine the compliance of merchants and services providers with the PCI DSS at a specific point in  time and frequently utilize a sampling methodology to allow compliance to be demonstrated through representative systems and processes. It is the responsibility of the merchant and service provider to achieve, demonstrate, and maintain their compliance at all times both throughout the annual validation/assessment cycle and across all system and processes in their entirely.

The Rise of Evil in King Lear Essay -- King Lear essays

King Lear:   The Rise of Evil  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear, the principal character in Shakespeare’s play of the same name, is a dominating imperious king. Though he takes initiative to disinherit his youngest daughter and exile his faithful friend, there is not in him the capacity for conscious and intentioned evil that is prevalent in his two elder daughters as well as in Cornwall, Edmund and Oswald. Nevertheless, there is a force in Lear that releases a movement of destruction in which evil does rise and momentarily take hold on the course of events. When Lear decides to renounce power in favor of emotions, the vital egoism in him which thrives on power rises up and asserts itself against the movement. It is the drive for power, attention, recognition, vengeance; the habit of assertion, anger, rage; the traits of pride and vanity that take hold of him and initiate a downward movement of destruction in opposition to the upward movement of the heart. The course of events that follows is an inevitable workin g out of these opposing movements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vital egoism in Lear is a dominating force which permits the existence and expression only of itself and its own will. Whatever submits and satisfies survives, the rest must vanish unnoticed or remain unexpressed. Such an atmosphere is stifling to the natural growth of other personalities which require freedom for self-expression in order that they may outgrow what is primitive and childish in favour of what is mature and cultured. These psychological circumstances almost inevitably result in suppression and repression rather than growth. Instead of being expressed and out-grown the capacities for selfishness, cruelty and perversity in man get organised beneath the sur... ...ing. The evil in Goneril is organised in a developed mind, it is more self-conscious and more absolute. The undeveloped vibration of evil in Regan attracts a mate who can bring out its further development while the mature evil in Goneril attracts a mate to destroy it. Life supports every vibration until it reaches its full stature and then provides the necessary circumstances for its destruction or transformation.    Bibliography Casebook: King Lear, Edited by Frank Kermode, Macmillan & Co., 1969 Shakespearean Tragedy, A.C. Bradley, Macmillan & Co., 1965, Prefaces to Shakespeare Vol. II, Granville-Barker, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1963 Shakespearean Tragedy, A.C. Bradley, Macmillan & Co., 1965 Casebook: King Lear, Edited by Frank Kermode, Macmillan & Co., 1969, p. 175. Shakespearean Tragedy, A.C. Bradley, Macmillan & Co., 1965, p. 231.

International Security Essay

Guarantee of international security to the global community forms basis for sustainable development and holistic wellbeing of the human race.   This is possibly due to the need for inclusive harmony between the social, economic, cultural, and environmental demands that derive the required operationalization platform for progress. However, this has turned out to be a mirage, perhaps non existent to many as security issues take an exceptionally wide derivation from a global perspective.   It is from this demand that this essay seeks to establish the extent to which various emergent issues like environment, population, food security, and women issues should be inculcated on the international security studies (Craig, 2008, pp. 380-383) . 2. Paper overview Following the worsening of global status in relation to security issues, there is needed refocus on the need for inculcation of the new aspects in the security studies.   Therefore, this paper explores the international security approaches and major issues that warrant reconsideration in relation to global stability and development.   Besides, it evaluates the significance of such aspects refocus in the current security status and the future of security with and without these issues consideration. 3. Historical derivation and approaches to international security Historically, the notion of international security took a narrow consideration that limited it only to a realist construct.   Under the theorem of traditional security paradigm, the state was referred as the object of security where the world powers sought and entrusted global security through balance of power by different states. It is worth noting that balance of power relied on anarchistic principles that deemed states to have ‘rational’ interest in the establishment of policies projected at harboring absolute power.   Therefore, security was widely seen as protection from invasion as exemplified in proxy conflicts (Cynthia, 2008, 232-234).   Indeed, it was from this notion coupled with emergent consumerism patterns and modern development that security studies revitalization is long overdue. Currently, international security falls under the realms of international organizations and nations where measures that seek mutual survival and safety are enforced.   Such measures take the form of diplomatic agreements such as conventions, treaties, and military actions to the member/s who violate the laws (Owen, 2004, pp. 78-81).   Though this system has been operation for a long time with high levels of efficiency, analysts have demanded that referent for security take greater reflection of the individual’s consideration as opposed to unilateral focus on securing the boarders of individual states. 4. Current status and inherent issues in security Though international security has undergone major changes since the end of the cold war, scholars are demanding refocus into the notion of the term in relation to international cohesion and local communities’ stability.   Specific issues with current and/ or future negative implications require to be given a better focus that secures intra-generational equity. a). ENVIRONMENT Environment is possibly one of the major areas that require an intrinsic review and inclusion into the security studies globally.   It is worth noting that all the aspects of global development are entirely dependent on environment which bores them.   However, the misleading notion that the earth’s resources are â€Å"infinite† and has â€Å"infinite† resilience capacity has led to the following issues. Global warming Since the first United Nations Convention on Human Environment in 1972, concerns for environment has taken a clearer stage in the global arena.   However, it was the Rio Summit that fully acknowledged global warming to be an international threat.   Global warming is the increase in the average temperatures since mid twentieth century and its projected continuation.   According to Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and its latter derivative Kyoto Protocol, global warming is a major present and future threat to human existence on the planet (Tony, 2009, pp. 3). The demand for this notion factoring on the security studies is linked with its resilient effects that are indicated by the International Panel on Climate Change to continue getting severe in the next 50-100 years. Though many countries have held a low profile in embracing the concept of the causes of global warming as green house gases emissions, it has been proved beyond reasonable doubt and effects visible to all.   Through this rise in global temperatures, excess thawing of polar waters has resulted to major submergence of coastal habitat.   Regions like Kimberly in Australia, Venice in Italy, and New Orleans in New Jersey have recorded major submergence.   Besides, other regions located in the coasts of Indonesia and East Africa have experienced massive floods.   These events lead to massive loss of human life and properties and demand for relocation. Besides, the rising temperatures have seen increase in desertification globally and resurgence of the tropical parasites and affiliated diseases.   This forms another platform for increasing poverty among the pastoral communities especially for the marginalized drier regions.   Sahara region of Africa is especially at great risk of spreading to the rest of the continent with the current rates of global warming (World Bank (COR), 2008, pp. 107-110). Expanding the security studies to address the issue a). Use of modern technology The major sources of greenhouse gases as indicated in the discussion are industrial activities globally.   The study should therefore seek to embrace systems that are modernistic in approach and that have greater levels of efficiency in their internal combustion systems.   By encouraging such systems, it would reduce the overall fossil fuels consumption while cutting drastically the total emissions to the atmosphere.   Scrubbers and catalytic systems should also be encouraged during the study to further reduce the amount of gases being released to the atmosphere as proposed by the Kyoto Protocol (Mark, 2009, pp. 1-2). b). Forestry and agro-forestry Arguably, the ability to effect natural geochemical cycles would increase the overall green house gases absorption.   These systems should be encouraged in the studies and in practice as they have multiple benefits to the individuals, nation, and the planet by assimilating the excess carbon dioxide released from the industrial processes.   However the studies should establish systems of international cooperation through carbon trading between the greenhouse gas emitters and the foresters as an important aspect in addressing the problem holistically. Such systems have been affected by EU member states and should be emulated. c) Use of alternative fuel sources With the future of the fossil fuels becoming slimmer and slimmer, the studies should seek alternative sources as a replacement but most importantly less polluting considerations.   Bio-fuels, solar energy, and wind energy that are much more environmentally sustainable should be established as a guarantee of total reduction of emissions to only the levels that have no effects to the atmosphere and can be assimilated by the global natural systems. B). POPULATION MIGRATION The number of people living outside their countries of origin has doubled in the in about 35 years to 2005.   About 2.9% of the total world population are migrants and mostly represent shift of the people from the poorer countries to the developed economies.   In Western Europe, the migrant population rose from 18.7 million and 32.8 million only in three decades to the year 2000. This has been compounded by the existence of economic union under EU which advocates for free movement of labor in the member states (Maggie, 2005, pp. 65-69). Global effects of excessive migration a). To the environment Most of the developed countries where people shift to have consumerism patterns that are highly encourage environmental degradation.   Compared to the developing countries, the migrant populations assume these characteristics with speed increasing resources withdrawal from the natural system.   Though the analysts have taken a low profile towards the problem, it is possibly due to the low numbers of the immigrants that have obscured the effects.   However, the current trends are alarming and should be addressed well in advance before they get to the critical levels. b). Masking the problems of the sending countries Most of the immigrants’ countries of origin have massive problems related to poverty, illiteracy, high population, food insecurity and low lifespan among others.   By establishing the ideology that outward shift harbors the main solution to their inherent problems is a gross miscalculation and therefore practically wrong.   It is worth noting that in most of the cases, the shifting populations constitute the literate group in these countries a notion that fully compromises their overall ability to grow and develop economically, socially and politically (Adelman, 2001, pp. 15-21). c). Urban problems Arguably, immigrants usually shift in search for greener pastures which in most of the cases turn out to be in industries for the developed countries.   As a result, there is strong increase in the number of people living in various towns from the immigrating numbers.   Though this problem has not reached acute levels, it is projected that many of the towns will soon outgrow their holding capacities.   This would be accompanied by major social problems of town development like crime and sanitation.   It is estimated that a growth by more than 10 million in UK by the year 2074 would outdo of the current towns’ handling capacity and therefore demanding about 57 more towns of the size of Luton (OPT, 2009, pp. 1-2).

Ch 1 H.W Consumer Behavior

Q1:describe the interrelationship between consumer behavior and the marketing concept. A1: marketing concept determine the needs and wants of specific target markets and Deliver satisfaction better than competition. consumer behavior includes all the decisions a consumer makes when spending their time and money. The what, why, when, where, and how of consumer purchases are examined in consumer behavior. It is not just individuals, but households, families, and groups that influence the decisions we make. ————————— Q2: describe the interrelationships between consumer research, market segmentation and targeting, and the development of the marketing mix for a manufacturer of HDTV sets. A2: consumer research The process and tools used to study consumer behavior. Market segmentation : Process of dividing the market into subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics Market targeting : The selection of one or more of the segments identified to pursue.The development of the marketing mix for a manufacturer of HDTV consist the product the features ,designs and the price including discounts and the place (distribution of the product ) and promotion ( the advertising) —————————- Q3: select any one of the company web sites and product specific site pairs listed in table 1. 1 that interests you . then systematically examine each of the two sites in terms of how you as a consumer respond differently to the two sites A3:We're not going to work publicity for this company, but we want to highlight how the company deals with customers and most importantly its olicy in respect for the customer and if we see the slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† appears to us every time we press a button to complete the purchase. —————————- Q4: Discuss The Interrelationships Among Cus tomer Expectation And Satisfaction, perceive Value And Customer Retention. Why Is A Customer Relation Essential? A4 :The goal of all marketers is to build and maintain successful relationships with their consumers. This occurs by offering a product which has benefits that the consumer values.In addition, they see the value of those benefits as exceeding the cost of the product – the cost in terms of money, time, and opportunity costs. If a product delivers value, the company is likely to have a high level of customer satisfaction. They will trust the marketer and continue to purchase the product. In addition, they will tell others about the product and speak highly of it when asked or when reviewing the product online. A company with strong customer relationships will be able to achieve a high level of customer retention – their customers will not defect to the competitor or stop using their product.They will retain these customer over time and will be more profitable due to these valuable loyal customers. —————————- Q5: Discuss the role of the social and behavioral sciences in developing the consumer decision-making model. A5: The input stage includes sources of information to the consumer – how they learn and are influenced by the marketer and their environment. The process stage ties to the decision-making process the consumer undergoes when considering a purchase.It moves from the inputs to the psychological factors involved in recognizing a need, searching for information, and evaluating alternatives. The output stage involves the actual purchase and the post-purchase evaluation. —————————- Q6:Apply each of the two models depicted in Table 1. 3 (i. e. , traditional marketing and value and retention marketing) to the marketing of cellular phone services. You may want to incorporate into your answer your own and your peers experiences in selecting cellular communication providers. A6:VALUE- AND RETENTION-FOCUSED MARKETING| THE TRADITIONAL MARKETING CONCEPT| Use technology that enables customers to customize what you make. | Make only what you can sell instead of trying to sell what you make. | Focus on the product’s perceived value, as well as the need that it satisfies. | Do not focus on the product; focus on the need that it satisfies. | Utilize an understanding of customer needs to develop offerings that customers perceive as more valuable than competitors’ offerings. | Market products and services that match customers’ needs better than competitors’ offerings. Research the levels of profit associated with various consumer needs and characteristics. | Research consumer needs and characteristics. | Understand consumer behavior in relation to the company’s product. | Understand the purchase behavior process and the influences on consumer behavior. | Make each customer transaction part of an ongoing relationship with the customer. | Realize that each customer transaction is a discrete sale. | Use hybrid segmentation that combines the traditional segmentation bases with data on the customer’s purchase levels and patterns of use of the company’s products. Segment the market based on customers’ geographic, demographic, psychological, sociocultural, lifestyle, and product-usage related characteristics. | Invest in technologies that enable you to send one-to-one promotional messages via digital channels. | Target large groups of customers that share common characteristics with messages transmitted through mass media. | Use interactive communications in which messages to customers are tailored according to their responses to previous communications. | Use one-way promotions whose effectiveness is measured through sales data or marketing surveys. Create customer tiers based on both volume and consumption patterns. | Cre ate loyalty programs based on the volume purchased. | Make it very unattractive for your customers to switch to a competitor and encourage them to purchase ‘better’ – in a manner that will raise the company’s profitability levels. | Encourage customers to stay with the company and buy more. | Base your marketing budget on the ‘lifetime value’ of typical customers in each of the targeted segments compared with the resources needed to acquire them as customers. Determine marketing budgets on the basis of the numbers of customers you are trying to reach. | Conduct customer satisfaction surveys that include a component that studies the customer’s word-of-mouth about the company, and use the results immediately to enhance customer relationships. | Conduct customer satisfaction surveys and present the results to management. | Create customer intimacy and bonds with completely satisfied, ‘delighted’ customers. | Create customer tr ust and loyalty to the company and high levels of customer satisfaction. |

A Time of Change In The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald

A Time of Change In The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald ' 'Suppose you met somebody just as careless as yourself.' 'I hope I neverwill,' she [Jordan] answered. 'I hate careless people. That's why I like you.' '(Fitzgerald, pg. 63) Jordan is explaining to Nick how she is able to drive badly aslong as everyone else drives carefully. This quote represents the writing technique offoreshadowing, which is being used in one of its finest form. Fitzgerald isforeshadowing to chapter seven where Daisy kills Myrtle Wilson because of her recklessdriving. Fitzgerald uses foreshadowing to strengthen the plot of his book. In chapternine, Nick begins to recall the past and relive his old memories. His must relieve hislingering thoughts of the past. During the chapter, Nick uses a flashback to tell aboutGatsby's funeral for the readers to know what happen the day Gatsby was shot. Flashbackin The Great Gatsby also helps to give the reader background information about theThe Great Gatsbycharacters. In The Great Gatsby, the structure of the novel is influenc ed byforeshadowing and flashback.Fitzgerald utilizes foreshadowing to the best of its ability to help organizethe novel. 'Luckily the clock took this moment to tilt dangerously at the pressure ofhis head, whereupon he turned and caught it with trembling fingers and set it back inplace. 'I'm sorry about the clock,' he said. 'It's an old clock,' I told himidiotically.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 92) This quote is the first use of foreshadowing whichis in chapter five. It pertains to all of the trouble Gatsby causes as he tries to winDaisy back. The past is represented by the clock and how Gatsby wants to repeat it withDaisy. (Eble, pg. 963) This quote foreshadows to the end of the novel when Nick is leftto tell the story of the dreamer whose dreams were corrupted.(Eble, pg. 963) 'they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back intotheir money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, andlet other people clean up the mess they had made.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 188) In chaptersix, Fitzgerald focuses on the first moment of disillusionment which Gatsby has.(Magill, pg. 90) ' 'Can't repeat the past?' he cried incredulously. 'Why of course youcan!' ' (Fitzgerald, pg. 116) This quote is clearly foreshadowing almost the entirebook. It foreshadows Gatsby's attempts to woe Daisy for Tom and tries to make thingsthe way they were before he left for the army . It also alludes to the fact that hemust be rich and powerful to do that. Overall, it shows that he destroys himself tryingto get Daisy back from Tom Buchanan. In the beginning of chapter eight Fitzgeraldforeshadows the death of Gatsby. 'I couldn't sleep all night; a fog-horn was groaningincessantly on the Sound, and I tossed half sick between grotesque reality and savagefrightening dreams. I heard a taxi go up Gatsby's drive and immediately I jumped out ofbed and began to dress- I felt that I had something to tell him, something to warn himabout and morning would be too late.'(Fitzgerald, pg.1 54) This quote definitely foreshadows the death of Gatsby.Fitzgerald also foreshadows Wilson's involvement when his wife died. ' 'He murderedher.' 'It was an accident, George.' Wilson shook his head. His eyes narrowed and hismouth widened slightly with the ghost of superior 'Hm!' ' (Fitzgerald, pg. 166) Thisquote clearly tells the readers that George is not going to let the person who he thinkskilled his wife get away with it. Foreshadowing is sparingly displayed though out thenovel and especially in the last chapters.Flashback is used quite often in The Great Gatsby. Jordan begins to rememberwhen she met Gatsby with Daisy for the first time and how they were in love. 'OneOctober day in nineteen- seventeen.....The largest of the banners and the largest of thelawns belonged to Daisy Fay's house. She was just eighteen....His name was Jay Gatsbyand I didn't lay eyes on him again for over four years.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 80) As thereader can clearly see, Jordan begins to narrate about the first and last time that shesaw Gatsby with Daisy which was four years ago. In chapter eight, Nick flashes back tothe night of Myrtle's death and begins to tell the story of what went on after herdeath. 'Now I want to go back a little and tell what happened at the garage after weleft there the night before.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 163) Nick tells the reader about howWilson thought he had figured out who had killed his wife. Nick follows step by step ashe walks all the way to Tom Buchanan's. Nick then describes Wilson killing Gatsby inthe pool and then Wilson killing himself.In chapter nine, another flashback is told by Nick. Nick recalls the night ofGatsby's death, and the next day, when all the policemen were at Gatsby's house.'After two years I remember the rest of that day, and that night and the next day, onlyas an endless drill of police and photographers and newspaper men in and out of Gatsby'sfront door.' (Fitzgerald, pg.171) Nick then proceeds into another flashback where he istry ing to get people to come to Gatsby's funeral. During this flashback Nick finallymeets Gatsby's father, Mr. Gatz, who came to his son's funeral. 'Next morning I sentthe butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urgedhim to come out on the next train. [for Gatsby's funeral]...When the butler brought backWolfshiem's answer I began to have a feeling of defiance.....The third day that atelegram signed Henry C. Gatz arrived from a town in Minnesota...It was Gatsby'sfather.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 175) In the last sentence of the novel the reader realizesthe story is being told as seen through the eyes of a Dutch sailor which transports thereader into the past. (Magill, pg. 91) 'Boats against the current, borne backceaselessly into the past.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 189)As one can see, the book came to life through the use of flashback andforeshadowing. These two main ingredients in this novel made it possible for the readerto be able to understand Gatsby the way Fi tzgerald does. It also helps one tounderstand Gatsby's relentless pursuit of the American dream. These two elements of thenovel were weaved into a great book that was read and adored by millions of readers andschool students.

Biographies of Oneil and Adele Cannon Essay Example for Free

Biographies of Oneil and Adele Cannon Essay Oneil and Adele Cannon will be honored this year as they celebrate fifty years of an activist marriage. The following is just a short summary of the many ways Oneil and Adele Cannon have contributed to the history of Los Angeles. The great French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) wrote in his work Emile: â€Å"there is no happiness without courage nor virtue without struggle†. This is a quote that certainly can apply to the lives of Oneil Cannon and his wife Adele. As they celebrate fifty years of an activist marriage, their life journey has exemplified the qualities of courage and struggle. The causes that they have fought together are a chronicle of the progressive movement over the last half century. Oneil Cannon was born in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana on January 28, 1917. He attended grammar and high school in New Orleans, Louisiana. In his 20’s he was drafted into the Army in Louisiana. He first visited L. A. during his furlough from the Army, to visit his sister and younger brother. He met and married his first wife, Elizabeth, in New Orleans in 1939. After his discharge from the Army in 1945 he felt that Los Angeles would probably offer better opportunities for a man and his young family, so they moved to Watts. This was during the era of a large migration of African-Americans from the south to California and other northern states. In order to sustain an income in those beginning years, he had various jobs. In 1946 he obtained a position as an Insurance Agent with the historical Golden State Insurance Company (the first insurance company to predominantly serve the African American community in Los Angeles). As Oneil puts it: â€Å"My brother Fred and I had opened our own printing shop in Watts before either of us knew very much about printing. We were both just out of the Army (World War II) and after a time, we decided that I would go to school and learn printing. I studied printing at Frank Wiggins Trade School which later became Trade Tech Junior College in the years 1947 to 1950. Fred would stay and take care of the shop and then I would come home and teach my brother what I learned at school about printing. That was my job. That’s the way we did it. So we both became printers at the same time, but I became a printing teacher, the same day that I became a printing student. We ran the shop and studied between meetings and other community activities, which we were both involved in Mrs. Carlotta Bass, editor and publisher of the California Eagle Newspaper, (who also introduced Oneil to Paul Robeson) also had a printing shop needing someone to take it over at that time. So Oneil went in and made a deal with her–she rented him the use of the printing shop. Therefore Oneil was in business for himself as the California Eagle Printing Company (1950-55). Also, he still worked with his brother at the Quick Service Advertisers Print Shop on 111th and Wilmington. They printed signs, leaflets and advertisements for various funeral establishments, political causes and groups, and businesses in the community. One day Carlotta Bass came into the printishop with some people to talk to Oneil about the Printers Union. Because of his hands-on work and training as a printer, they invited him to join in starting a campaign to break the color line in the Printers Union. This was a significant point in continuing the struggle for equal opportunities for all, and shows his genuine concern and courage to bring justice to the community. Philip â€Å"Slim† Connelly from the CIO, asked if he could participate in this very important campaign. Prior to this time, the Union did not have any African American members. Considering Oneil’s history of activism, from the voting rights movement in the south in the 1930’s, to being involved in breaking the color bar in the International Typographical Union (ITU), this was one of the most important, telling and dramatic labors of his life. Oneil stated, â€Å"This is how I got started to working on getting into a printing union. After getting all sorts of â€Å"run arounds† from printing unions, somehow some of the Communists who were in the ITU came to me and offered to help, if I was really interested in breaking the Jim Crow status in the printing industry and unions in Los Angeles. I had absolutely no doubts that I was ready for this struggle; â€Å"a piece of cake†, after all, hadn’t I just come from â€Å"Jim Crow† Louisiana where I’d lived all my life, and hadn’t I just gotten out, after three years in a â€Å"Jim Crow† Army. I had been all over Los Angeles looking for, and working on different jobs. But you â€Å"ain’t† lived until you have to deal with well-organized trade union bigots. These dudes were really pros. Interestingly, I never once heard them attacking my desire for membership on the basis of race, but only because the people who advocated my membership were Communists. Incidentally, I never saw any membership cards, but saw that they knew of my efforts to become a printers union member, and that they were the ones who came to my assistance. Logic tells me that there was something strange about the Union’s argument, because if they hated Communists so badly, why were these white Communists â€Å"in the union†, and not one African American? This point was raised by one of the comrades on the union floor and he was roundly booed, but not put out of the union. † Oneil finally became a member of the Printers Union, but then was never sent out to jobs. When he went to the Union Hall, somehow there was no work for him. However, some of his friends benefited by Oneil breaking that barrier, and did get jobs. So the struggle continued. Meanwhile, Oneil continued operating his own â€Å"Union† printing business Fidelity Lettershop, which he continues to run today. â€Å"I ended up not only running my own printing shop, but also teaching graphic arts at S. T. E. P. ne of the â€Å"Poverty Programs† and eventually I retired as a California State credentialed graphic arts teacher in 1999. This is where he first met (now Congresswoman) Maxine Waters. I still teach on a volunteer basis at the Paul Robeson Center in south Los Angeles, of which I am the director. I’ve been teaching printing a long time. † Oneil and Adele met in 1947, while working together as part of a political team in South Los Angeles during the campaign to put Henry Wallace (who was running against Truman) and the Independent Progressive Party (IPP) on the Ballot. Adele was also an activist, beginning with the Franklin Roosevelt campaign as a precinct worker. Adele Marx Rosenfield was born in El Paso, Texas in 1923. Her family moved to California in about 1936 and she graduated from Fairfax High School in 1940. She then attended UCLA to study Chemistry. After Pearl Harbor, she enlisted in the WAVES, but was discharged after only 17 days due to â€Å"political activities in civilian life†. It turned out the government had interviewed a friend of the family who told of her activities. She married and had two children—Jan and Dale Goodman. Adele and Oneil were married in December, 1954. When her youngest child, Jan Goodman, was in Junior High School she went back to school at UCLA Extension and then for her Masters of Business Administration at Cal State Dominguez, while working as an office manager, and raising a family. After earning her CPA and working as a full-time accountant, she served as the Peace and Freedom Party’s State Treasurer for 16 years and is still a State Officer of the Peace and Freedom Party. Since starting to work together as part of a political team in South Los Angeles during the campaign to put Henry Wallace and the Independent Progressive Party (IPP) on the ballot in the late 1940’s, they continued as a team when fighting to free the Rosenbergs and later Angela Davis. One fight always led to another, as they fought as part of the IPP to force employers to hire African and Mexican- Americans, where the slogon was â€Å"don’t bank or buy where you can’t work†. As part of the South-East Inter-Racial Council, they fought to end segregated housing and restrictive covenants and to bring Negro History Week into the Los Angeles City Schools. Always striving to bring peace, they gathered signatures to the Stockholm Peace Petition, fought and demonstrated against the wars in Vietnam and continue to fight for Middle East peace. As they raised their six kids, the Cannons fought to bring equal education to South Los Angeles, including the multi-years struggle led by Odessa Cox to bring a Junior college to South Los Angeles, which culminated in the establishment of Southwest Community College. They were also involved from the beginning to acquire a health facility of some kind in Watts, which ultimately came under the leadership of Ted and Bernice Watkins and the Watts Labor Community Action Committee (WLCAC), a predecessor of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital. Oneil Cannon is known to current activists as owner/operator/union printer at his print shop, Fidelity Educational Press. Oneil, along with his wife Adele and others co-founded the Paul Robeson Community Center in 1986. When they were thinking about a name for this Center, their daughter Jan Goodman suggested it be named in honor of Paul Robeson since their goal was to establish a multi-cultural/multi-ethnic community center. Therefore, who better to exemplify multi-culturalism than Paul Robeson. In the Cannons’ fifty years as a team, they have certainly lived their motto to improve our community. Instead of leaving when the kids were grown, they stayed to continue the fight for better schools and living conditions in South Los Angeles. In this way they have been able to truly contribute to a multi-cultural South Los Angeles. Biographies of Oneil and Adele Cannon. (2017, Jan 14).

The intellectual history of Islamic Spain-time frame 711 to 1248 Research Paper

The intellectual history of Islamic Spain-time frame 711 to 1248 - Research Paper Example Skilled artisans commanded respect and had ample creative opportunities. When one evaluates the merits of the city during that period, with a population of half a million, no more elaboration is needed about the administration. The city included many suburbs, a good number of mosques, public utilities, suqs (markets), many palaces and apparel manufacturing units. In the early 11th century, with mounting economic and military pressures, the disintegration of the caliphate commenced. Bishko writes, â€Å"On the political side, indeed, we are given a pious but unrealistic hypothesis that the breakdown of the Caliphate and the failure of its successor states can be ascribed to the fact that a great imperial power violates per se the spiritual premises of Islam. We are further told that schism between the power-hungry, materialistic upper class and the profundity of religious masses made political unity and defeat of the Christian advance impossible.†(Bishko, 1966, p.142) Many smal l kingdoms are known as taifas sprouted. But from the angle of lifestyles, they followed the original pattern of Cordoba. With the end of the caliphate and petty kingdoms(taifas) coming into prominence in the 11th century, the importance switched over to Granada(Gharnatah) A tribe known as Zirids shifted from Cordoba and established an independent kingdom in Granada. â€Å"At the beginning of the eleventh century (fifth century, Anno Hegirae), the old Muslim power of caliph and Amir in Central and Southern Spain seemed to stand unassailable.

Design (art and craft) innovation in Pakistan textile Literature review - 2

Design (art and craft) innovation in Pakistan textile - Literature review Example The British crown, which was colonizing Pakistan at the time of the rise of industrial revolution in the 19th century was pressurised to institute formal art and craft education in Pakistan by the Arts & Crafts Movement. This paved way for the first art and craft school in Pakistan; Mayo School of Industrial Art in1875. The industrial revolution replaced human labour with machineries, prompting the Arts & Crafts Movement in Pakistan to push for the development of formal education and skill in Design (art and craft) Education in Pakistan, to avoid machinery replacing human labour in the Pakistan textile industry. Universities such as University of Information and Technology, Hajvery University, University of engineering and Technology in Lahore, The University of Beaconhouse and the Textile university of Faisalabad have played an important role in offering design (art&craft) education. Pakistan institutions of higher learning are important contributors to the global textile industry advancement. This is achieved through offering design education and also promoting research in this field. Designers need to follow up the laid down needs of the customers to come up with a design process that will satisfy those needs effectively. The research stage is therefore the most important in the design process. In the period 1676-1820, design was characteristically utilitarian, comprising of targeting the functionality of the designs, as opposed to its aesthetic value. The role of design changed in the period between 1820 and 1910, when design education took centre stage, as opposed to the creation of designers through apprenticeship. Beyond 1930, design became mediatised, such that design education focused more on advertisement and aesthetic value. Design is a dynamic field and it has changed dramatically over the years. Starting with functional/utilitarian design, it progressed to aesthetic design and

Gender Roles And Media Portrayals Research Paper

Gender Roles And Media Portrayals - Research Paper Example Men were portrayed as dominant, strong, and independent providers. Most past television programs portrayed them as the dominant gender in the society. Men were free to choose what they felt was working for them at the expense of the opinions from the ladies. For example, in Mad Men, the executives treated their secretaries in the offices as objects rather than human beings. In fact, it is easy to observe how they disposed of them after having sexual encounters. In the end, women were not seen as having any value to the men. It is worth noting that the current television programs tend to bring out the rapid changes in the society. For example, in the television series, Modern Family, the role of the women and men in the family tends to change. Women start assuming significant roles, for example, some of them become breadwinners while men become domesticated by their wives. Rapid changes captured by these television series indicate how the society is changing. For instance, the concept of gay marriages is brought to the fore. Though it is difficult to accept at first, we eventually see a society that positions itself to accept these changes. In conclusion, there is nothing as inevitable as change. The television continues to influence the societal transformation through fostering progression of gender roles that took place in the past half century and today. In comparison to the past, there is a significant change in gender roles and various stereotypes in television today (Trier-Bieniek, 2014).

Techniques and Types of Jailbreak

Techniques and Types of Jailbreak Mohammad Alfaifi Apple is a global company that produces devices such as iPhone, iPad, and iMac. Actually, it is specializing in Software and they have a system called IOS. With the technology evolution, hackers have advanced and find vulnerability in Apple software that allowed breaking the system. This way called jailbreak. This project includes a general review about jailbreak and the way it works. Also its development over the years and mention names of some organizations such as iPhone Dev team, Chronic-Dev, dream team, Pangu, Evad3rs, PP25 and Keen. Jailbreak is one of the words that grown fast recently. Apple prefers to design something and tell you, This is how it should be used. Apple came with the system that is fixed which mean you are not allowed to install tools thats help you with your needs and because of that Apple is one of a biggest secure system in the world. Some people feel that they cant do whatever they want with feeling that Apples operate system is like a jail. Jailbreak came to gives the people ability to break the operating system to do whatever they want whether to install tools or themes. Apple products are well-made but they had limitation. Jailbreaking breaks those limits and gives you more control in your device. 1.1. Is jailbreaking legal? United States of America has a rule that allowing the jailbreak and you can jailbreaking your smartphone or tablets you want[1]. Apple support center [2] published a clearance that jailbreak is legal but you will lose the support (warranty). If you install jailbreak in your Apple product, Apple will not sue you because of that and all what they can do is to stop supporting your device and if something happens it is under your responsibility. 2.1. Jailbreak types 2.1.1. Tethered In this type, Jailbreak is temporary. When you turn off your device you cant boot your device up without connect it to PC to delete the Jailbreak and then you are able to boot the device. In this Jailbreak you have to install it every time you turn off your device [3]. 2.1.2. Semi Tethered It looks like tethered jailbreak with addition thing that here you can turn off your device and boot it again without any problem. The features are limited [3]. 2.1.3. Untethered It is the common jailbreak and the new one. It gives the user ability to run all the tools and applications they downloaded anytime they want. In this type, you can turn off your device without fear of losing the jailbreak [3]. 2.2. Jailbreak teams There are many developers of a jailbreak, Cydia, and hackers of IOS system who have a wide fame in the community of iOS users and jailbreak system. These developers and hackers have great merit in making jailbreak a strong community. They have begun attacking the iOS system and deployment jailbreak since the early days of the issued of the first system for the iPhone. In July 2007, a few days after the release the iPhone system, a group of developers create the first tool of jailbreak, and shortly afterwards, there were many versions of tools for jailbreak. In the October 2007, they created the first jailbreak 1.0 which was also called (AppSnapp) 2.3. How jailbreak works 2.3.1. bootchain The bootchain [4] (also called chain of trust) is the system by Apple which can tries to ensure that only signed or trusted code is loaded on an iOS device. Figure 1: bootchain modulers       The bootchain consist couple of deferent modules that load each other and between the loadings there are check points that Apple put it in order to prevent unauthorized access to the code. Boot ROM is the first significant code that starts in the device. It is read-only which means it cant be modified by Apple when they release a device. This part is hard to Jailbreak because it connect with the hardware not the software it in the chip inside the device, but if someone Jailbreak this part, Apple cant stop the Jailbreak and they have to change the hardware next time they publish a new device. Low level Bootloader (LLB) which is a part of the software. It runs several setup routines. On firmware versions 2.0 and higher it checks the signature of Boot ROM before jumping to it. If someone found vulnerabilities and Jailbreak this part, Apple can close the vulnerabilities by releasing new software version (iOS firmware). iBoot is Apples stage 2 bootloader for all of the devices. It runs what is known as Recovery Mode. It has an interactive interface which can be used over USB or serial. IOS Kernel is using page verification. When you start application the Kernel will verify if the application has the code singing in tagged. If it has SHA1 verification it will pass the application to AMFI which is a Kernel extension. The Kernel doesnt verify if the applications signature is valid, it is only verified if the signature is exist. IOS apps are the phase after the Kernel boot. It goes hand to and with iOS Kernel. For iOS all applications have to be signed since the launch of the App Store (iOS 2.0), this includes all system binaries that come with iOS. For the end user. This code signing enforcement cannot be disabled, which makes that an end user can only install applications from the App Store. /private/etc/fstabis is where all the iOS files are stores and must be patched. fstab is like a switch that is giving you the ability to control the media partitions and the permissions. By default, fstab is setting as a read-only mode that letting you to read or view only without making any changes. To be able to make any modifications, you have to set the fstab as read-write mode. It is very important for your Apple device because it is controlling the permission of the media partition and the root. The big problem is to pass in all the files you need through the various checkpoints. The checkpoint is what Apple does in order to ensuring the file is legit or coming from a third party. Every file is signed by a key. The file will be through a way and be unusable if this file without kay. In short, we can access to the door if we either find a back door entry (bypass) or unlock the lock (patch all checkpoints). Patching is a difficult and mostly not worth the effort. So, most people who make the jailbreak will try to find a backdoor entry or a bypass. 2.3.2. Limera1n Exploit The limera1n exploit is the bootrom and iBoot exploit used to run unsigned code (and thereby jailbreak) the iPod touch 3rd Generation, the iPhone 3GS and all A4 chip devices. It was first used in the limera1n tool by geohot. It is used to perform a tethered jailbreak on the devices that mentioned above. The jailbreak can then be turned into an untethered jailbreak with other exploits, such as the 0x24000 Segment Overflow [5]. Limera1n is the final publicly disclosed bootrom exploit of any device. The last device released vulnerable to limera1n is the iPhone 4. 2.4. Advantages of using jailbreak Jailbreak means that the user can download applications without the need of Apple store, and controls the tones and add modifications to the system. Also decoding constraint on company communications device, such as AT T or Verizon, it can go further than this when some people want to amendment on the phone. The majority is in the process of jailbreak for your iPhone, using Cydia to download the software tools to your device and install them. Cydia is an application or store tools allows owners devices that have been untying them to browse the applications and tools and carry it to the device without any restrictions 2.5. Disadvantages of using jailbreak There are many people prefer to stay away of Jailbreak their devices. When you Jailbreak your device that means your device is no longer under the Apple ensuring [2]. All tools and applications you download are not licensed by Apple and it may break your device because it is not secure. Also one of important things in the device is the battery. Jailbreak consumes a lot of power on your device which mean your battery couldnt stand long. 2.6. Risks of using Jailbreak Since jailbreaking a device bypasses all security measures of the device to allow developers and users more control over the applications and device respectively, it brings inherent risks which must not be ignored by both developers and users. Here are few dangers of jailbreaking a device [3] Many a times jailbreaking tools installs an SSH application by default on a device and default password for iOS device alpine is very well known. If a user does not change the default password, attackers can remotely control the operation of device. Since jailbreaking grants root access to any application running on a device, there is a risk of malicious application accessing sensitive information of other apps. 3.1. How to know if your device can jailbreak As a first step you have to know the version of your IOS system. Then search on Internet if this version has a Jailbreak or not. The best way to search is to get into the Jailbreak teams websites. Since Jailbreak is published by one team other teams published their copies too. All jailbreaking tools available to install in application called Cydia, which is similar to the Apple App Store but applications available on Cydia are not checked by Apple and developers can submit their applications to distribute through Cydia. Figure 2: Jailbroken IPhone with Cydia 4.1. History of Cydia Cydia is a third-party installer application for all Apple devices. Developed by Jay Freeman (Saurik), Cydia is similar to the official App Store. Cydia is a manager mobile application for IOS, which enables the user to find and install tools or software packages on jailbroken device. Its important for you to jailbreak your IOS device to get the Cydia. With Cydia everyone has the option of customizing their devices [6]. 4.2. Add or remove sources   Ã‚   Cydia is a store depends on the developers. The sources are small stores of the developers to upload their tools on it. Cydia came within BigBoss source. This source is built-in the Cydia because it is by the Cydia creator. If you want to install other developers sources follow these steps: Figure 3: iPhone Home Screen Find the Cydia application on your iPhones home screen and click on it. Figure 4: Cydia Screen Click on Sources in the bottom bar. The screen of the sources that been added shown. Click on edit and then add. Figure 5: Adding source screen Write the URL of the source and click on Add Source. Now the source will be add into your list of sources and can search on any tool in it and install whatever you want. 5.1. Security without jailbreak The security without Jailbreak is under Apple control. Apple has a store includes more than 2 million of applications [7]. These applications are not only for smartphones only. They support tablets, Apple TV and smart watches. Apple takes two days to approval a new application that uploaded from a developer [8]. These two days is giving Apple a time to review the app submitted to the App Store to determine whether it is perform as expected, reliable and is free of offensive material. Apple reviews every app submitted based on a set of technical, content, and design criteria. 5.2. Security with jailbreak We agree Jailbreak is a risk for your device. This is for people with no knowledge of technologies. Privacy is one of those things that most people will say they care about, but they really dont. However, if you truly do care about your privacy, device jailbreaking is a good way for that. Jailbreak is giving you tools to hide your information of others, even of Apple. There is another tool take care of your phone when it is stolen. When the criminal enter wrong password the tool take a selfie (photo from front camera) and send it to your E-mail with the location. Those are simples of thousands of tools give you a security more than device without Jailbreak [9]. [1]L. of C. U.S. Copyright Office, Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies. U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress., 28-Oct-2015. [2]Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues, Apple Support. [Online]. Available: https://support.apple.com/en-sa/HT201954. [Accessed: 14-Jan-2017]. [3]R. Patel, Improving Security in Jailbroken iOS Devices, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester, New York, 2016. [4]Apple, iOS Security. May-2016. [5]D. Keuper, XNU: a security evaluation, University of Twente and Certi_ed Secure, 2012. [6]D. Wicks, What is Cydia and Cydia Basics, IEEnews, Jul. 2016. [7]J. Golson, Apples App Store now has over 2 million apps, The Verge, 13-Jun-2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016. [Accessed: 29-Jan-2017]. [8]O. Raymundo, Apple is approving apps for the iOS App Store much faster now, Macworld, 12-May-2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.macworld.com/article/3070012/ios/apple-is-approving-apps-for-the-ios-app-store-much-faster-now.html. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2017]. [9]C. Lloyd, How Jailbreaking Makes Your iPhone More Secure Private, GottaBeMobile, 22-Oct-2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.gottabemobile.com/how-jailbreaking-makes-your-iphone-more-secure-private/. [Accessed: 03-Feb-2017].