Ch 1 H.W Consumer Behavior

Q1:describe the interrelationship between consumer behavior and the marketing concept. A1: marketing concept determine the needs and wants of specific target markets and Deliver satisfaction better than competition. consumer behavior includes all the decisions a consumer makes when spending their time and money. The what, why, when, where, and how of consumer purchases are examined in consumer behavior. It is not just individuals, but households, families, and groups that influence the decisions we make. ————————— Q2: describe the interrelationships between consumer research, market segmentation and targeting, and the development of the marketing mix for a manufacturer of HDTV sets. A2: consumer research The process and tools used to study consumer behavior. Market segmentation : Process of dividing the market into subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics Market targeting : The selection of one or more of the segments identified to pursue.The development of the marketing mix for a manufacturer of HDTV consist the product the features ,designs and the price including discounts and the place (distribution of the product ) and promotion ( the advertising) —————————- Q3: select any one of the company web sites and product specific site pairs listed in table 1. 1 that interests you . then systematically examine each of the two sites in terms of how you as a consumer respond differently to the two sites A3:We're not going to work publicity for this company, but we want to highlight how the company deals with customers and most importantly its olicy in respect for the customer and if we see the slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† appears to us every time we press a button to complete the purchase. —————————- Q4: Discuss The Interrelationships Among Cus tomer Expectation And Satisfaction, perceive Value And Customer Retention. Why Is A Customer Relation Essential? A4 :The goal of all marketers is to build and maintain successful relationships with their consumers. This occurs by offering a product which has benefits that the consumer values.In addition, they see the value of those benefits as exceeding the cost of the product – the cost in terms of money, time, and opportunity costs. If a product delivers value, the company is likely to have a high level of customer satisfaction. They will trust the marketer and continue to purchase the product. In addition, they will tell others about the product and speak highly of it when asked or when reviewing the product online. A company with strong customer relationships will be able to achieve a high level of customer retention – their customers will not defect to the competitor or stop using their product.They will retain these customer over time and will be more profitable due to these valuable loyal customers. —————————- Q5: Discuss the role of the social and behavioral sciences in developing the consumer decision-making model. A5: The input stage includes sources of information to the consumer – how they learn and are influenced by the marketer and their environment. The process stage ties to the decision-making process the consumer undergoes when considering a purchase.It moves from the inputs to the psychological factors involved in recognizing a need, searching for information, and evaluating alternatives. The output stage involves the actual purchase and the post-purchase evaluation. —————————- Q6:Apply each of the two models depicted in Table 1. 3 (i. e. , traditional marketing and value and retention marketing) to the marketing of cellular phone services. You may want to incorporate into your answer your own and your peers experiences in selecting cellular communication providers. A6:VALUE- AND RETENTION-FOCUSED MARKETING| THE TRADITIONAL MARKETING CONCEPT| Use technology that enables customers to customize what you make. | Make only what you can sell instead of trying to sell what you make. | Focus on the product’s perceived value, as well as the need that it satisfies. | Do not focus on the product; focus on the need that it satisfies. | Utilize an understanding of customer needs to develop offerings that customers perceive as more valuable than competitors’ offerings. | Market products and services that match customers’ needs better than competitors’ offerings. Research the levels of profit associated with various consumer needs and characteristics. | Research consumer needs and characteristics. | Understand consumer behavior in relation to the company’s product. | Understand the purchase behavior process and the influences on consumer behavior. | Make each customer transaction part of an ongoing relationship with the customer. | Realize that each customer transaction is a discrete sale. | Use hybrid segmentation that combines the traditional segmentation bases with data on the customer’s purchase levels and patterns of use of the company’s products. Segment the market based on customers’ geographic, demographic, psychological, sociocultural, lifestyle, and product-usage related characteristics. | Invest in technologies that enable you to send one-to-one promotional messages via digital channels. | Target large groups of customers that share common characteristics with messages transmitted through mass media. | Use interactive communications in which messages to customers are tailored according to their responses to previous communications. | Use one-way promotions whose effectiveness is measured through sales data or marketing surveys. Create customer tiers based on both volume and consumption patterns. | Cre ate loyalty programs based on the volume purchased. | Make it very unattractive for your customers to switch to a competitor and encourage them to purchase ‘better’ – in a manner that will raise the company’s profitability levels. | Encourage customers to stay with the company and buy more. | Base your marketing budget on the ‘lifetime value’ of typical customers in each of the targeted segments compared with the resources needed to acquire them as customers. Determine marketing budgets on the basis of the numbers of customers you are trying to reach. | Conduct customer satisfaction surveys that include a component that studies the customer’s word-of-mouth about the company, and use the results immediately to enhance customer relationships. | Conduct customer satisfaction surveys and present the results to management. | Create customer intimacy and bonds with completely satisfied, ‘delighted’ customers. | Create customer tr ust and loyalty to the company and high levels of customer satisfaction. |

A Time of Change In The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald

A Time of Change In The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald ' 'Suppose you met somebody just as careless as yourself.' 'I hope I neverwill,' she [Jordan] answered. 'I hate careless people. That's why I like you.' '(Fitzgerald, pg. 63) Jordan is explaining to Nick how she is able to drive badly aslong as everyone else drives carefully. This quote represents the writing technique offoreshadowing, which is being used in one of its finest form. Fitzgerald isforeshadowing to chapter seven where Daisy kills Myrtle Wilson because of her recklessdriving. Fitzgerald uses foreshadowing to strengthen the plot of his book. In chapternine, Nick begins to recall the past and relive his old memories. His must relieve hislingering thoughts of the past. During the chapter, Nick uses a flashback to tell aboutGatsby's funeral for the readers to know what happen the day Gatsby was shot. Flashbackin The Great Gatsby also helps to give the reader background information about theThe Great Gatsbycharacters. In The Great Gatsby, the structure of the novel is influenc ed byforeshadowing and flashback.Fitzgerald utilizes foreshadowing to the best of its ability to help organizethe novel. 'Luckily the clock took this moment to tilt dangerously at the pressure ofhis head, whereupon he turned and caught it with trembling fingers and set it back inplace. 'I'm sorry about the clock,' he said. 'It's an old clock,' I told himidiotically.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 92) This quote is the first use of foreshadowing whichis in chapter five. It pertains to all of the trouble Gatsby causes as he tries to winDaisy back. The past is represented by the clock and how Gatsby wants to repeat it withDaisy. (Eble, pg. 963) This quote foreshadows to the end of the novel when Nick is leftto tell the story of the dreamer whose dreams were corrupted.(Eble, pg. 963) 'they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back intotheir money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, andlet other people clean up the mess they had made.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 188) In chaptersix, Fitzgerald focuses on the first moment of disillusionment which Gatsby has.(Magill, pg. 90) ' 'Can't repeat the past?' he cried incredulously. 'Why of course youcan!' ' (Fitzgerald, pg. 116) This quote is clearly foreshadowing almost the entirebook. It foreshadows Gatsby's attempts to woe Daisy for Tom and tries to make thingsthe way they were before he left for the army . It also alludes to the fact that hemust be rich and powerful to do that. Overall, it shows that he destroys himself tryingto get Daisy back from Tom Buchanan. In the beginning of chapter eight Fitzgeraldforeshadows the death of Gatsby. 'I couldn't sleep all night; a fog-horn was groaningincessantly on the Sound, and I tossed half sick between grotesque reality and savagefrightening dreams. I heard a taxi go up Gatsby's drive and immediately I jumped out ofbed and began to dress- I felt that I had something to tell him, something to warn himabout and morning would be too late.'(Fitzgerald, pg.1 54) This quote definitely foreshadows the death of Gatsby.Fitzgerald also foreshadows Wilson's involvement when his wife died. ' 'He murderedher.' 'It was an accident, George.' Wilson shook his head. His eyes narrowed and hismouth widened slightly with the ghost of superior 'Hm!' ' (Fitzgerald, pg. 166) Thisquote clearly tells the readers that George is not going to let the person who he thinkskilled his wife get away with it. Foreshadowing is sparingly displayed though out thenovel and especially in the last chapters.Flashback is used quite often in The Great Gatsby. Jordan begins to rememberwhen she met Gatsby with Daisy for the first time and how they were in love. 'OneOctober day in nineteen- seventeen.....The largest of the banners and the largest of thelawns belonged to Daisy Fay's house. She was just eighteen....His name was Jay Gatsbyand I didn't lay eyes on him again for over four years.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 80) As thereader can clearly see, Jordan begins to narrate about the first and last time that shesaw Gatsby with Daisy which was four years ago. In chapter eight, Nick flashes back tothe night of Myrtle's death and begins to tell the story of what went on after herdeath. 'Now I want to go back a little and tell what happened at the garage after weleft there the night before.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 163) Nick tells the reader about howWilson thought he had figured out who had killed his wife. Nick follows step by step ashe walks all the way to Tom Buchanan's. Nick then describes Wilson killing Gatsby inthe pool and then Wilson killing himself.In chapter nine, another flashback is told by Nick. Nick recalls the night ofGatsby's death, and the next day, when all the policemen were at Gatsby's house.'After two years I remember the rest of that day, and that night and the next day, onlyas an endless drill of police and photographers and newspaper men in and out of Gatsby'sfront door.' (Fitzgerald, pg.171) Nick then proceeds into another flashback where he istry ing to get people to come to Gatsby's funeral. During this flashback Nick finallymeets Gatsby's father, Mr. Gatz, who came to his son's funeral. 'Next morning I sentthe butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urgedhim to come out on the next train. [for Gatsby's funeral]...When the butler brought backWolfshiem's answer I began to have a feeling of defiance.....The third day that atelegram signed Henry C. Gatz arrived from a town in Minnesota...It was Gatsby'sfather.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 175) In the last sentence of the novel the reader realizesthe story is being told as seen through the eyes of a Dutch sailor which transports thereader into the past. (Magill, pg. 91) 'Boats against the current, borne backceaselessly into the past.' (Fitzgerald, pg. 189)As one can see, the book came to life through the use of flashback andforeshadowing. These two main ingredients in this novel made it possible for the readerto be able to understand Gatsby the way Fi tzgerald does. It also helps one tounderstand Gatsby's relentless pursuit of the American dream. These two elements of thenovel were weaved into a great book that was read and adored by millions of readers andschool students.

Biographies of Oneil and Adele Cannon Essay Example for Free

Biographies of Oneil and Adele Cannon Essay Oneil and Adele Cannon will be honored this year as they celebrate fifty years of an activist marriage. The following is just a short summary of the many ways Oneil and Adele Cannon have contributed to the history of Los Angeles. The great French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) wrote in his work Emile: â€Å"there is no happiness without courage nor virtue without struggle†. This is a quote that certainly can apply to the lives of Oneil Cannon and his wife Adele. As they celebrate fifty years of an activist marriage, their life journey has exemplified the qualities of courage and struggle. The causes that they have fought together are a chronicle of the progressive movement over the last half century. Oneil Cannon was born in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana on January 28, 1917. He attended grammar and high school in New Orleans, Louisiana. In his 20’s he was drafted into the Army in Louisiana. He first visited L. A. during his furlough from the Army, to visit his sister and younger brother. He met and married his first wife, Elizabeth, in New Orleans in 1939. After his discharge from the Army in 1945 he felt that Los Angeles would probably offer better opportunities for a man and his young family, so they moved to Watts. This was during the era of a large migration of African-Americans from the south to California and other northern states. In order to sustain an income in those beginning years, he had various jobs. In 1946 he obtained a position as an Insurance Agent with the historical Golden State Insurance Company (the first insurance company to predominantly serve the African American community in Los Angeles). As Oneil puts it: â€Å"My brother Fred and I had opened our own printing shop in Watts before either of us knew very much about printing. We were both just out of the Army (World War II) and after a time, we decided that I would go to school and learn printing. I studied printing at Frank Wiggins Trade School which later became Trade Tech Junior College in the years 1947 to 1950. Fred would stay and take care of the shop and then I would come home and teach my brother what I learned at school about printing. That was my job. That’s the way we did it. So we both became printers at the same time, but I became a printing teacher, the same day that I became a printing student. We ran the shop and studied between meetings and other community activities, which we were both involved in Mrs. Carlotta Bass, editor and publisher of the California Eagle Newspaper, (who also introduced Oneil to Paul Robeson) also had a printing shop needing someone to take it over at that time. So Oneil went in and made a deal with her–she rented him the use of the printing shop. Therefore Oneil was in business for himself as the California Eagle Printing Company (1950-55). Also, he still worked with his brother at the Quick Service Advertisers Print Shop on 111th and Wilmington. They printed signs, leaflets and advertisements for various funeral establishments, political causes and groups, and businesses in the community. One day Carlotta Bass came into the printishop with some people to talk to Oneil about the Printers Union. Because of his hands-on work and training as a printer, they invited him to join in starting a campaign to break the color line in the Printers Union. This was a significant point in continuing the struggle for equal opportunities for all, and shows his genuine concern and courage to bring justice to the community. Philip â€Å"Slim† Connelly from the CIO, asked if he could participate in this very important campaign. Prior to this time, the Union did not have any African American members. Considering Oneil’s history of activism, from the voting rights movement in the south in the 1930’s, to being involved in breaking the color bar in the International Typographical Union (ITU), this was one of the most important, telling and dramatic labors of his life. Oneil stated, â€Å"This is how I got started to working on getting into a printing union. After getting all sorts of â€Å"run arounds† from printing unions, somehow some of the Communists who were in the ITU came to me and offered to help, if I was really interested in breaking the Jim Crow status in the printing industry and unions in Los Angeles. I had absolutely no doubts that I was ready for this struggle; â€Å"a piece of cake†, after all, hadn’t I just come from â€Å"Jim Crow† Louisiana where I’d lived all my life, and hadn’t I just gotten out, after three years in a â€Å"Jim Crow† Army. I had been all over Los Angeles looking for, and working on different jobs. But you â€Å"ain’t† lived until you have to deal with well-organized trade union bigots. These dudes were really pros. Interestingly, I never once heard them attacking my desire for membership on the basis of race, but only because the people who advocated my membership were Communists. Incidentally, I never saw any membership cards, but saw that they knew of my efforts to become a printers union member, and that they were the ones who came to my assistance. Logic tells me that there was something strange about the Union’s argument, because if they hated Communists so badly, why were these white Communists â€Å"in the union†, and not one African American? This point was raised by one of the comrades on the union floor and he was roundly booed, but not put out of the union. † Oneil finally became a member of the Printers Union, but then was never sent out to jobs. When he went to the Union Hall, somehow there was no work for him. However, some of his friends benefited by Oneil breaking that barrier, and did get jobs. So the struggle continued. Meanwhile, Oneil continued operating his own â€Å"Union† printing business Fidelity Lettershop, which he continues to run today. â€Å"I ended up not only running my own printing shop, but also teaching graphic arts at S. T. E. P. ne of the â€Å"Poverty Programs† and eventually I retired as a California State credentialed graphic arts teacher in 1999. This is where he first met (now Congresswoman) Maxine Waters. I still teach on a volunteer basis at the Paul Robeson Center in south Los Angeles, of which I am the director. I’ve been teaching printing a long time. † Oneil and Adele met in 1947, while working together as part of a political team in South Los Angeles during the campaign to put Henry Wallace (who was running against Truman) and the Independent Progressive Party (IPP) on the Ballot. Adele was also an activist, beginning with the Franklin Roosevelt campaign as a precinct worker. Adele Marx Rosenfield was born in El Paso, Texas in 1923. Her family moved to California in about 1936 and she graduated from Fairfax High School in 1940. She then attended UCLA to study Chemistry. After Pearl Harbor, she enlisted in the WAVES, but was discharged after only 17 days due to â€Å"political activities in civilian life†. It turned out the government had interviewed a friend of the family who told of her activities. She married and had two children—Jan and Dale Goodman. Adele and Oneil were married in December, 1954. When her youngest child, Jan Goodman, was in Junior High School she went back to school at UCLA Extension and then for her Masters of Business Administration at Cal State Dominguez, while working as an office manager, and raising a family. After earning her CPA and working as a full-time accountant, she served as the Peace and Freedom Party’s State Treasurer for 16 years and is still a State Officer of the Peace and Freedom Party. Since starting to work together as part of a political team in South Los Angeles during the campaign to put Henry Wallace and the Independent Progressive Party (IPP) on the ballot in the late 1940’s, they continued as a team when fighting to free the Rosenbergs and later Angela Davis. One fight always led to another, as they fought as part of the IPP to force employers to hire African and Mexican- Americans, where the slogon was â€Å"don’t bank or buy where you can’t work†. As part of the South-East Inter-Racial Council, they fought to end segregated housing and restrictive covenants and to bring Negro History Week into the Los Angeles City Schools. Always striving to bring peace, they gathered signatures to the Stockholm Peace Petition, fought and demonstrated against the wars in Vietnam and continue to fight for Middle East peace. As they raised their six kids, the Cannons fought to bring equal education to South Los Angeles, including the multi-years struggle led by Odessa Cox to bring a Junior college to South Los Angeles, which culminated in the establishment of Southwest Community College. They were also involved from the beginning to acquire a health facility of some kind in Watts, which ultimately came under the leadership of Ted and Bernice Watkins and the Watts Labor Community Action Committee (WLCAC), a predecessor of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital. Oneil Cannon is known to current activists as owner/operator/union printer at his print shop, Fidelity Educational Press. Oneil, along with his wife Adele and others co-founded the Paul Robeson Community Center in 1986. When they were thinking about a name for this Center, their daughter Jan Goodman suggested it be named in honor of Paul Robeson since their goal was to establish a multi-cultural/multi-ethnic community center. Therefore, who better to exemplify multi-culturalism than Paul Robeson. In the Cannons’ fifty years as a team, they have certainly lived their motto to improve our community. Instead of leaving when the kids were grown, they stayed to continue the fight for better schools and living conditions in South Los Angeles. In this way they have been able to truly contribute to a multi-cultural South Los Angeles. Biographies of Oneil and Adele Cannon. (2017, Jan 14).

The intellectual history of Islamic Spain-time frame 711 to 1248 Research Paper

The intellectual history of Islamic Spain-time frame 711 to 1248 - Research Paper Example Skilled artisans commanded respect and had ample creative opportunities. When one evaluates the merits of the city during that period, with a population of half a million, no more elaboration is needed about the administration. The city included many suburbs, a good number of mosques, public utilities, suqs (markets), many palaces and apparel manufacturing units. In the early 11th century, with mounting economic and military pressures, the disintegration of the caliphate commenced. Bishko writes, â€Å"On the political side, indeed, we are given a pious but unrealistic hypothesis that the breakdown of the Caliphate and the failure of its successor states can be ascribed to the fact that a great imperial power violates per se the spiritual premises of Islam. We are further told that schism between the power-hungry, materialistic upper class and the profundity of religious masses made political unity and defeat of the Christian advance impossible.†(Bishko, 1966, p.142) Many smal l kingdoms are known as taifas sprouted. But from the angle of lifestyles, they followed the original pattern of Cordoba. With the end of the caliphate and petty kingdoms(taifas) coming into prominence in the 11th century, the importance switched over to Granada(Gharnatah) A tribe known as Zirids shifted from Cordoba and established an independent kingdom in Granada. â€Å"At the beginning of the eleventh century (fifth century, Anno Hegirae), the old Muslim power of caliph and Amir in Central and Southern Spain seemed to stand unassailable.

Design (art and craft) innovation in Pakistan textile Literature review - 2

Design (art and craft) innovation in Pakistan textile - Literature review Example The British crown, which was colonizing Pakistan at the time of the rise of industrial revolution in the 19th century was pressurised to institute formal art and craft education in Pakistan by the Arts & Crafts Movement. This paved way for the first art and craft school in Pakistan; Mayo School of Industrial Art in1875. The industrial revolution replaced human labour with machineries, prompting the Arts & Crafts Movement in Pakistan to push for the development of formal education and skill in Design (art and craft) Education in Pakistan, to avoid machinery replacing human labour in the Pakistan textile industry. Universities such as University of Information and Technology, Hajvery University, University of engineering and Technology in Lahore, The University of Beaconhouse and the Textile university of Faisalabad have played an important role in offering design (art&craft) education. Pakistan institutions of higher learning are important contributors to the global textile industry advancement. This is achieved through offering design education and also promoting research in this field. Designers need to follow up the laid down needs of the customers to come up with a design process that will satisfy those needs effectively. The research stage is therefore the most important in the design process. In the period 1676-1820, design was characteristically utilitarian, comprising of targeting the functionality of the designs, as opposed to its aesthetic value. The role of design changed in the period between 1820 and 1910, when design education took centre stage, as opposed to the creation of designers through apprenticeship. Beyond 1930, design became mediatised, such that design education focused more on advertisement and aesthetic value. Design is a dynamic field and it has changed dramatically over the years. Starting with functional/utilitarian design, it progressed to aesthetic design and

Gender Roles And Media Portrayals Research Paper

Gender Roles And Media Portrayals - Research Paper Example Men were portrayed as dominant, strong, and independent providers. Most past television programs portrayed them as the dominant gender in the society. Men were free to choose what they felt was working for them at the expense of the opinions from the ladies. For example, in Mad Men, the executives treated their secretaries in the offices as objects rather than human beings. In fact, it is easy to observe how they disposed of them after having sexual encounters. In the end, women were not seen as having any value to the men. It is worth noting that the current television programs tend to bring out the rapid changes in the society. For example, in the television series, Modern Family, the role of the women and men in the family tends to change. Women start assuming significant roles, for example, some of them become breadwinners while men become domesticated by their wives. Rapid changes captured by these television series indicate how the society is changing. For instance, the concept of gay marriages is brought to the fore. Though it is difficult to accept at first, we eventually see a society that positions itself to accept these changes. In conclusion, there is nothing as inevitable as change. The television continues to influence the societal transformation through fostering progression of gender roles that took place in the past half century and today. In comparison to the past, there is a significant change in gender roles and various stereotypes in television today (Trier-Bieniek, 2014).

Techniques and Types of Jailbreak

Techniques and Types of Jailbreak Mohammad Alfaifi Apple is a global company that produces devices such as iPhone, iPad, and iMac. Actually, it is specializing in Software and they have a system called IOS. With the technology evolution, hackers have advanced and find vulnerability in Apple software that allowed breaking the system. This way called jailbreak. This project includes a general review about jailbreak and the way it works. Also its development over the years and mention names of some organizations such as iPhone Dev team, Chronic-Dev, dream team, Pangu, Evad3rs, PP25 and Keen. Jailbreak is one of the words that grown fast recently. Apple prefers to design something and tell you, This is how it should be used. Apple came with the system that is fixed which mean you are not allowed to install tools thats help you with your needs and because of that Apple is one of a biggest secure system in the world. Some people feel that they cant do whatever they want with feeling that Apples operate system is like a jail. Jailbreak came to gives the people ability to break the operating system to do whatever they want whether to install tools or themes. Apple products are well-made but they had limitation. Jailbreaking breaks those limits and gives you more control in your device. 1.1. Is jailbreaking legal? United States of America has a rule that allowing the jailbreak and you can jailbreaking your smartphone or tablets you want[1]. Apple support center [2] published a clearance that jailbreak is legal but you will lose the support (warranty). If you install jailbreak in your Apple product, Apple will not sue you because of that and all what they can do is to stop supporting your device and if something happens it is under your responsibility. 2.1. Jailbreak types 2.1.1. Tethered In this type, Jailbreak is temporary. When you turn off your device you cant boot your device up without connect it to PC to delete the Jailbreak and then you are able to boot the device. In this Jailbreak you have to install it every time you turn off your device [3]. 2.1.2. Semi Tethered It looks like tethered jailbreak with addition thing that here you can turn off your device and boot it again without any problem. The features are limited [3]. 2.1.3. Untethered It is the common jailbreak and the new one. It gives the user ability to run all the tools and applications they downloaded anytime they want. In this type, you can turn off your device without fear of losing the jailbreak [3]. 2.2. Jailbreak teams There are many developers of a jailbreak, Cydia, and hackers of IOS system who have a wide fame in the community of iOS users and jailbreak system. These developers and hackers have great merit in making jailbreak a strong community. They have begun attacking the iOS system and deployment jailbreak since the early days of the issued of the first system for the iPhone. In July 2007, a few days after the release the iPhone system, a group of developers create the first tool of jailbreak, and shortly afterwards, there were many versions of tools for jailbreak. In the October 2007, they created the first jailbreak 1.0 which was also called (AppSnapp) 2.3. How jailbreak works 2.3.1. bootchain The bootchain [4] (also called chain of trust) is the system by Apple which can tries to ensure that only signed or trusted code is loaded on an iOS device. Figure 1: bootchain modulers       The bootchain consist couple of deferent modules that load each other and between the loadings there are check points that Apple put it in order to prevent unauthorized access to the code. Boot ROM is the first significant code that starts in the device. It is read-only which means it cant be modified by Apple when they release a device. This part is hard to Jailbreak because it connect with the hardware not the software it in the chip inside the device, but if someone Jailbreak this part, Apple cant stop the Jailbreak and they have to change the hardware next time they publish a new device. Low level Bootloader (LLB) which is a part of the software. It runs several setup routines. On firmware versions 2.0 and higher it checks the signature of Boot ROM before jumping to it. If someone found vulnerabilities and Jailbreak this part, Apple can close the vulnerabilities by releasing new software version (iOS firmware). iBoot is Apples stage 2 bootloader for all of the devices. It runs what is known as Recovery Mode. It has an interactive interface which can be used over USB or serial. IOS Kernel is using page verification. When you start application the Kernel will verify if the application has the code singing in tagged. If it has SHA1 verification it will pass the application to AMFI which is a Kernel extension. The Kernel doesnt verify if the applications signature is valid, it is only verified if the signature is exist. IOS apps are the phase after the Kernel boot. It goes hand to and with iOS Kernel. For iOS all applications have to be signed since the launch of the App Store (iOS 2.0), this includes all system binaries that come with iOS. For the end user. This code signing enforcement cannot be disabled, which makes that an end user can only install applications from the App Store. /private/etc/fstabis is where all the iOS files are stores and must be patched. fstab is like a switch that is giving you the ability to control the media partitions and the permissions. By default, fstab is setting as a read-only mode that letting you to read or view only without making any changes. To be able to make any modifications, you have to set the fstab as read-write mode. It is very important for your Apple device because it is controlling the permission of the media partition and the root. The big problem is to pass in all the files you need through the various checkpoints. The checkpoint is what Apple does in order to ensuring the file is legit or coming from a third party. Every file is signed by a key. The file will be through a way and be unusable if this file without kay. In short, we can access to the door if we either find a back door entry (bypass) or unlock the lock (patch all checkpoints). Patching is a difficult and mostly not worth the effort. So, most people who make the jailbreak will try to find a backdoor entry or a bypass. 2.3.2. Limera1n Exploit The limera1n exploit is the bootrom and iBoot exploit used to run unsigned code (and thereby jailbreak) the iPod touch 3rd Generation, the iPhone 3GS and all A4 chip devices. It was first used in the limera1n tool by geohot. It is used to perform a tethered jailbreak on the devices that mentioned above. The jailbreak can then be turned into an untethered jailbreak with other exploits, such as the 0x24000 Segment Overflow [5]. Limera1n is the final publicly disclosed bootrom exploit of any device. The last device released vulnerable to limera1n is the iPhone 4. 2.4. Advantages of using jailbreak Jailbreak means that the user can download applications without the need of Apple store, and controls the tones and add modifications to the system. Also decoding constraint on company communications device, such as AT T or Verizon, it can go further than this when some people want to amendment on the phone. The majority is in the process of jailbreak for your iPhone, using Cydia to download the software tools to your device and install them. Cydia is an application or store tools allows owners devices that have been untying them to browse the applications and tools and carry it to the device without any restrictions 2.5. Disadvantages of using jailbreak There are many people prefer to stay away of Jailbreak their devices. When you Jailbreak your device that means your device is no longer under the Apple ensuring [2]. All tools and applications you download are not licensed by Apple and it may break your device because it is not secure. Also one of important things in the device is the battery. Jailbreak consumes a lot of power on your device which mean your battery couldnt stand long. 2.6. Risks of using Jailbreak Since jailbreaking a device bypasses all security measures of the device to allow developers and users more control over the applications and device respectively, it brings inherent risks which must not be ignored by both developers and users. Here are few dangers of jailbreaking a device [3] Many a times jailbreaking tools installs an SSH application by default on a device and default password for iOS device alpine is very well known. If a user does not change the default password, attackers can remotely control the operation of device. Since jailbreaking grants root access to any application running on a device, there is a risk of malicious application accessing sensitive information of other apps. 3.1. How to know if your device can jailbreak As a first step you have to know the version of your IOS system. Then search on Internet if this version has a Jailbreak or not. The best way to search is to get into the Jailbreak teams websites. Since Jailbreak is published by one team other teams published their copies too. All jailbreaking tools available to install in application called Cydia, which is similar to the Apple App Store but applications available on Cydia are not checked by Apple and developers can submit their applications to distribute through Cydia. Figure 2: Jailbroken IPhone with Cydia 4.1. History of Cydia Cydia is a third-party installer application for all Apple devices. Developed by Jay Freeman (Saurik), Cydia is similar to the official App Store. Cydia is a manager mobile application for IOS, which enables the user to find and install tools or software packages on jailbroken device. Its important for you to jailbreak your IOS device to get the Cydia. With Cydia everyone has the option of customizing their devices [6]. 4.2. Add or remove sources   Ã‚   Cydia is a store depends on the developers. The sources are small stores of the developers to upload their tools on it. Cydia came within BigBoss source. This source is built-in the Cydia because it is by the Cydia creator. If you want to install other developers sources follow these steps: Figure 3: iPhone Home Screen Find the Cydia application on your iPhones home screen and click on it. Figure 4: Cydia Screen Click on Sources in the bottom bar. The screen of the sources that been added shown. Click on edit and then add. Figure 5: Adding source screen Write the URL of the source and click on Add Source. Now the source will be add into your list of sources and can search on any tool in it and install whatever you want. 5.1. Security without jailbreak The security without Jailbreak is under Apple control. Apple has a store includes more than 2 million of applications [7]. These applications are not only for smartphones only. They support tablets, Apple TV and smart watches. Apple takes two days to approval a new application that uploaded from a developer [8]. These two days is giving Apple a time to review the app submitted to the App Store to determine whether it is perform as expected, reliable and is free of offensive material. Apple reviews every app submitted based on a set of technical, content, and design criteria. 5.2. Security with jailbreak We agree Jailbreak is a risk for your device. This is for people with no knowledge of technologies. Privacy is one of those things that most people will say they care about, but they really dont. However, if you truly do care about your privacy, device jailbreaking is a good way for that. Jailbreak is giving you tools to hide your information of others, even of Apple. There is another tool take care of your phone when it is stolen. When the criminal enter wrong password the tool take a selfie (photo from front camera) and send it to your E-mail with the location. Those are simples of thousands of tools give you a security more than device without Jailbreak [9]. [1]L. of C. U.S. Copyright Office, Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies. U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress., 28-Oct-2015. [2]Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues, Apple Support. [Online]. Available: https://support.apple.com/en-sa/HT201954. [Accessed: 14-Jan-2017]. [3]R. Patel, Improving Security in Jailbroken iOS Devices, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester, New York, 2016. [4]Apple, iOS Security. May-2016. [5]D. Keuper, XNU: a security evaluation, University of Twente and Certi_ed Secure, 2012. [6]D. Wicks, What is Cydia and Cydia Basics, IEEnews, Jul. 2016. [7]J. Golson, Apples App Store now has over 2 million apps, The Verge, 13-Jun-2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016. [Accessed: 29-Jan-2017]. [8]O. Raymundo, Apple is approving apps for the iOS App Store much faster now, Macworld, 12-May-2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.macworld.com/article/3070012/ios/apple-is-approving-apps-for-the-ios-app-store-much-faster-now.html. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2017]. [9]C. Lloyd, How Jailbreaking Makes Your iPhone More Secure Private, GottaBeMobile, 22-Oct-2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.gottabemobile.com/how-jailbreaking-makes-your-iphone-more-secure-private/. [Accessed: 03-Feb-2017].